Exposure to Particulate Matter Affects Lung Function and Performance: A Literature Review

Abstract

Air pollution has emerged as a significant peril to public health on a global scale, with around five million deaths occurring each year as a direct result of air pollution. The respiratory system mostly absorbs air contaminants, which then enter the alveoli and circulate in the bloodstream. Exposure to particulate matter (PM), the primary pollutant, can lead to acute inflammation of the respiratory tract and exacerbate pre-existing chronic lung inflammation. The extent of damage produced by particulate matter (PM) is determined by the manner in which the particles enter the lungs, including factors such as their aerodynamic diameter, ambient air velocity, and respiratory rate. Additionally, the manner in which the particles depart the lungs, involving processes such as nostril hair, mucociliary clearance, and macrophage phagocytosis, also plays a role in determining the damage caused. During periods of low air quality, particulate matter (PM) can negatively impact the immune system by causing damage to the bronchial mucociliary system. This damage makes it harder for the body to eliminate pathogens and leads to the release of inflammatory cytokines, which can harm lung epithelial cells and fibroblasts. Additionally, it inhibits intercellular communication within the gaps of the epithelial barrier, hence reducing its efficacy as a protective barrier for the lungs. The detrimental effects of PM can be attributed to oxidative stress caused by free radicals. PM has the ability to directly stimulate macrophages, leading to inflammation and an increase in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) impair antioxidant defenses and inflict damage on DNA, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. Lung function will decline as a result of bronchoconstriction, pulmonary edema (which leads to thickening of the alveolar capillaries), and fibrosis (which restricts lung expansion) caused by epithelial thickening. Based on the findings of many research, it may be inferred that an excessive influx of particles can lead to an excessive burden on the lungs, consequently impairing the respiratory system's defense capability and potentially resulting in lung damage. These investigations have established that higher levels of exposure to particulate matter are linked to a larger likelihood of reduced lung function. On the other hand, decreasing the amount of these particles that one is exposed to will reduce the danger.