Chemical composition of Ecstasy tablets seized in Poland between 2005 and 2020.

IF 2.8 4区 医学 Q2 TOXICOLOGY
Bogumiła Byrska, Roman Stanaszek
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Purpose: The most commonly associated substance found in Ecstasy tablets is MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine). In our study, we showed how the composition of psychoactive ingredients in Ecstasy tablets seized on the drug market in Poland has changed in the years 2005-2020.

Methods: The study material consisted of nearly 20,000 single Ecstasy tablets seized by representatives of law enforcement (the police, prosecutors) from 2005 to 2020 and analysed by the Institute of Forensic Research, Krakow, Poland. The analysis of the tablets was carried out by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection (UHPLC-PDA).

Results: Currently, new types of MDMA tablets are introduced onto the market, available in various colours and shapes. Our study showed that tablets sold on the street as Ecstasy have variable purity and sometimes contain little or no MDMA. The mean content of MDMA in one tablet seized in 2005-2011 decreased from 90 to 50 mg. In 2013, Ecstasy tablets with a very high MDMA content (average 195 mg per tablet) appeared on the market, but in the next 2 years, the MDMA content decreased again. From 2016, the average MDMA content began to rise again, ranging from 60 to 280 mg.

Conclusion: Tablets sold as Ecstasy also contained completely different psychoactive substances, including new psychoactive substances (NPS) (found in almost 20% of all examined tablets sold as Ecstasy) belonging to different chemical groups or their dangerous combinations (i.e. phenylethylamines, piperazines, tryptamines, cathinones, arylalkylamines, arylcyclohexylamines and piperidines). Such a large variety of psychoactive substances in Ecstasy tablets is associated with a high risk for users unaware of their composition.

Abstract Image

2005 年至 2020 年波兰缉获的迷魂药片的化学成分。
目的:摇头丸中最常见的相关物质是亚甲二氧基甲基苯丙胺(3,4-亚甲二氧基甲基苯丙胺)。在研究中,我们展示了 2005-2020 年间波兰毒品市场上查获的摇头丸中精神活性成分的构成变化情况:研究材料包括执法代表(警察、检察官)在 2005 年至 2020 年期间缉获的近 20,000 片摇头丸,波兰克拉科夫法医研究所对这些药片进行了分析。对这些药片的分析采用了气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)、高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测法(HPLC-DAD)和超高效液相色谱-光电二极管阵列检测法(UHPLC-PDA):目前,市场上出现了各种颜色和形状的新型亚甲二氧基甲基苯丙胺片剂。我们的研究表明,在街头作为摇头丸出售的药片纯度参差不齐,有时只含有少量或根本不含摇头丸。2005-2011 年缉获的摇头丸片剂中的亚甲二氧基甲基苯丙胺平均含量从 90 毫克降至 50 毫克。2013 年,市场上出现了亚甲二氧基甲基苯丙胺含量非常高的摇头丸片剂(平均每片 195 毫克),但在接下来的两年中,亚甲二氧基甲基苯丙胺含量再次下降。从 2016 年起,摇头丸的平均含量开始回升,从 60 毫克到 280 毫克不等:作为摇头丸销售的药片还含有完全不同的精神活性物质,包括新精神活性物质(NPS)(在所有作为摇头丸销售的受检药片中发现了近 20%),这些物质属于不同的化学组或其危险组合(即苯乙胺类、哌嗪类、色胺类、卡西酮类、芳基烷基胺类、芳基环己胺类和哌啶类)。迷魂药片中的精神活性物质种类如此之多,对不了解其成分的使用者来说风险很高。
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来源期刊
Forensic Toxicology
Forensic Toxicology TOXICOLOGY-
CiteScore
5.80
自引率
9.10%
发文量
40
审稿时长
3 months
期刊介绍: The journal Forensic Toxicology provides an international forum for publication of studies on toxic substances, drugs of abuse, doping agents, chemical warfare agents, and their metabolisms and analyses, which are related to laws and ethics. It includes original articles, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications, and case reports. Although a major focus of the journal is on the development or improvement of analytical methods for the above-mentioned chemicals in human matrices, appropriate studies with animal experiments are also published. Forensic Toxicology is the official publication of the Japanese Association of Forensic Toxicology (JAFT) and is the continuation of the Japanese Journal of Forensic Toxicology (ISSN 0915-9606).
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