Dual level attention based lightweight vision transformer for streambed land use change classification using remote sensing

Abstract

Due to rapid urbanization, rising food demand, and changed precipitation patterns, the waterbodies are contracting their former beds. The continuous shrinking of waterbodies is deteriorating the vital cultural, supporting, provisioning, and regulating services. Thus, understanding and mitigating the impacts of streambed land cover change is crucial for maintaining healthy aquatic ecosystems and improving flood resilience of surrounding population. The existing works use high-resolution aerial imagery focusing on large waterbodies, while ignoring the most vulnerable floodplains of innumerous small water bodies due to high inter-class similarity. This limits the ability to perform a temporal analysis of land cover change along small water bodies. The present work aims to resolve this issue using open-source satellite imagery and taking patched samples along the boundary of small water bodies to identify long-term changes in land cover patterns. Sentinel-2 and Landsat 50 acquired satellite images were used to identify the land cover of this colonized stream bed. The data of Landsat 50 served as historical reference for identifying the changed land use. To capture spatial hierarchies in satellite images effectively, in this paper, a novel dual attention-based vision transformer has been developed for land-cover classification in four categories namely, water, built-up, siltation, and vegetation. The developed model is trained on the data collected from three potential sites in India. The experimental results are validated against seven state-of-the-art deep learning models. The results reveal that the proposed method outperformed all the considered methods by achieving accuracy and precision of 88.4% and 88.9%, respectively, while consuming the least number of parameters. The results reaffirm the concretization and erosion of nature’s flood buffers for economic advancement.