Exercise and disease state influence the beneficial effects of Fn14-depletion on survival and muscle pathology in the SOD1G93A amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) mouse model

Abstract

Background: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating and incurable neurodegenerative disease. Accumulating evidence strongly suggests that intrinsic muscle defects exist and contribute to disease progression, including imbalances in whole-body metabolic homeostasis. We have previously reported that tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) and fibroblast growth factor inducible 14 (Fn14) are significantly upregulated in skeletal muscle of the SOD1G93A ALS mouse model. While antagonising TWEAK did not impact survival, we did observe positive effects in skeletal muscle. Given that Fn14 has been proposed as the main effector of the TWEAK/Fn14 activity and that Fn14 can act independently from TWEAK in muscle, we suggest that manipulating Fn14 instead of TWEAK in the SOD1G93A ALS mice could lead to differential and potentially improved benefits. Methods: We thus investigated the contribution of Fn14 to disease phenotypes in the SOD1G93A ALS mice. To do so, Fn14 knockout mice (Fn14-/-) were crossed onto the SOD1G93A background to generate SOD1G93A;Fn14-/- mice. Investigations were performed on both unexercised and exercised (rotarod and/or grid test) animals (wild type (WT), Fn14-/-, SOD1G93A and SOD1G93A;Fn14-/-). Results: Here, we firstly confirm that the TWEAK/Fn14 pathway is dysregulated in skeletal muscle of SOD1G93A mice. We then show that Fn14-depleted SOD1G93A mice display an increased lifespan and decreased muscle pathology, without an impact on motor function, and that this is dependent on exposure to exercise. Indeed, we observe that endurance (rotarod) and resistance (grid test) exercises influence the positive effects of Fn14 deletion on survival and muscle phenotypes in SOD1G93A mice, which may be further influenced by genotype and disease state. Conclusions: Our study provides further insights on the different roles of the TWEAK/Fn14 pathway in pathological skeletal muscle and how they can be influenced by age, disease and metabolic state. This is particularly relevant in the ALS field, where combinatorial therapies that include exercise regimens are currently being explored. As such, a better understanding and consideration of the interactions between treatments, muscle metabolism and exercise will be of importance in future studies.