Role of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Heavy Metals Homoeostasis in Plants

IF 3.9 3区 生物学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES
Ovaid Akhtar, Dheeraj Pandey, Ifra Zoomi, Uma Singh, Kanhaiya Lal Chaudhary, Rani Mishra, Neeraj Pandey
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Abstract

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) fungi have substantial involvement in the existence of plants under heavy metal (HM)-stressed conditions. An overwhelming number of studies are there which advocate for the AM fungi as a future tool for remediation and revegetation of HM-polluted soils. One of the major complications associated with AM fungi facilitated phytoremediation is that the AM association is very much host as well as HM specific. Diverse strains of AM fungi behave differently with diverse hosts and HMs. AM fungi in association with host plants enhance the tolerance of HMs to the host. It enhances the absorption of nutrients in deficient soil, whereas it decreases the accumulation of HMs in polluted soils. AM fungi enhance the biomass production and, thus, dilute the HM concentration in plants. The association of AM fungi also protects the host roots from exposure of HMs by trapping them in the extracellular polymeric substances and the glomalin secreted by the AM fungal hyphae. The hyphal components also contain hydroxyl and carboxyl ligands that can bind the positively charged HMs and immobilize them outside the soil. In hyperaccumulator plants, AM fungi contribute differently as the transporters of HMs increase the uptake of HMs from the substrates. In this way, it enhances the accumulation of HMs beyond the permissible level. Inside the AM fungi as well as in the host cell, these HMs are either converted to the less toxic forms or conjugated with Metallothionein (MT), Glutathione (GSH), and Phytochelatin (PC) and safely stored in the vacuole. All these functions are specifically controlled by a number of transporters of HMs localized in the AM fungal hyphae, inside the AM fungi and inside the host cell. GintABC1 is one of the most studied transporters in AM fungi regulating the Zn. In this review, a deeper insight into the all-possible mechanisms of AM fungi facilitated HM stress alleviation in plants is summarized and discussed.

Abstract Image

丛枝菌根真菌在植物重金属平衡中的作用
在重金属(HM)压力条件下,丛枝菌根(AM)真菌对植物的生存有重要作用。大量研究都认为,AM 真菌是重金属污染土壤修复和重新植被的未来工具。与调控真菌促进植物修复相关的一个主要复杂问题是,调控真菌与宿主和 HM 的关联在很大程度上是特定的。不同菌株的 AM 真菌在不同寄主和 HMs 下的表现各不相同。AM 真菌与寄主植物的结合增强了 HMs 对寄主的耐受性。它能增强缺乏养分的土壤对养分的吸收,同时减少有害物质在污染土壤中的积累。AM 真菌能提高生物量产量,从而稀释植物体内的 HM 浓度。通过将 HMs 困在细胞外聚合物质和由 AM 真菌菌丝分泌的胶霉素中,AM 真菌的结合还能保护宿主根系免受 HMs 的侵害。菌丝成分还含有羟基和羧基配体,可与带正电荷的 HMs 结合并将其固定在土壤外。在高积累植物中,AM 真菌的作用与 HMs 转运体不同,它能增加底物对 HMs 的吸收。这样,它就能使 HMs 的积累超过允许水平。在 AM 真菌体内和宿主细胞中,这些 HMs 要么转化为毒性较低的形式,要么与金属硫蛋白(MT)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)和植物螯合素(PC)共轭,并安全地储存在液泡中。所有这些功能都是由分布在调制真菌菌丝、调制真菌内部和宿主细胞内的一些 HMs 转运体专门控制的。GintABC1是研究最多的调控锌的AM真菌转运体之一。在这篇综述中,我们总结并讨论了更深入地了解 AM 真菌促进植物缓解 HM 胁迫的各种可能机制。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
8.40
自引率
6.20%
发文量
312
审稿时长
1.8 months
期刊介绍: The Journal of Plant Growth Regulation is an international publication featuring original articles on all aspects of plant growth and development. We welcome manuscripts reporting question-based research on various aspects of plant growth and development using hormonal, physiological, environmental, genetic, biophysical, developmental and/or molecular approaches. The journal also publishes timely reviews on highly relevant areas and/or studies in plant growth and development, including interdisciplinary work with an emphasis on plant growth, plant hormones and plant pathology or abiotic stress. In addition, the journal features occasional thematic issues with special guest editors, as well as brief communications describing novel techniques and meeting reports. The journal is unlikely to accept manuscripts that are purely descriptive in nature or reports work with simple tissue culture without attempting to investigate the underlying mechanisms of plant growth regulation, those that focus exclusively on microbial communities, or deal with the (elicitation by plant hormones of) synthesis of secondary metabolites.
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