Timing limits of ultrafast cross-luminescence emission in CsZnCl-based crystals for TOF-CT and TOF-PET.

Abstract

Background: Good timing resolution in medical imaging applications such as TOF-CT or TOF-PET can boost image quality or patient comfort significantly by reducing the influence of background noise. However, the timing resolution of state-of-the-art detectors in CT and PET are limited by their light emission process. Core-valence cross-luminescence is an alternative, but well-known compounds (e.g. BaF₂) pose several problems for medical imaging applications, such as their emission wavelength in the deep UV. CsZnCl-based materials show promise to solve this issue, as they provide fast decay times of 1-2 ns and an emission wavelength around 300 nm.

Results: In this work, we investigated two CsZnCl-compounds: Cs₂ZnCl₄ and Cs₃ZnCl₅. We validated the previously published decay times on a time-correlated single-photon counting setup with 1.786 ± 0.016 ns for Cs₂ZnCl₄ and 1.034 ± 0.013 ns for Cs₃ZnCl₅. The setup's high resolution enabled the discovery of an additional prompt emission component with a significant abundance of 98 ± 18 (Cs₂ZnCl₄) and 86 ± 14 (Cs₃ZnCl₅) photons/MeV energy deposit. In a PET coincidence experiment, we measured the best coincidence time resolution (CTR) of 62 ps (FWHM) for Cs₂ZnCL₄ coupled to FBK VUV SiPMs with silicon oil. To assess the CTR for lower energies, we filtered the energy along the Compton continuum and found a deteriorated CTR that seems to be mainly influenced by photon statistics. Furthermore, this study gave us a rough estimate of e.g. 150 ps (FWHM) CTR at 100 keV energy for Cs₂ZnCL₄. From measurements with high activity of 14 MBq to check for pile-up effects we assume that Cs₂ZnCl₄ is better suited for high-rate time-of-flight applications than lutetium-based oxides. Simulations demonstrated that the stopping power of Cs₂ZnCl₄ is lower than for LSO:Ce,Ca, meaning that a high amount of material would be needed for TOF-PET applications. However, the stopping power seems acceptable for applications in TOF-CT.

Conclusions: The fast decay time, state-of-the-art CTR in benchtop experiments and high-rate suitability make CsZnCl materials a promising candidate for time-of-flight experiments. We consider especially TOF-CT a suitable application due to its relatively low X-ray energies (~ 100 keV) and the thusly acceptable stopping power of Cs₂ZnCl₄. Currently, further exploration of the prompt emission and its creation mechanism is planned, as well as investigating the light transport of Cs₂ZnCl₄ in longer crystals.