A matter of time not of co-occurrence: temporal partitioning facilitates coexistence between coyotes (Canis latrans) and gray foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) in temperate forests of Mexico

IF 16.4 1区 化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY
César R. Rodríguez-Luna, Jorge Servín, David Valenzuela-Galván, Rurik List
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Sympatric species reduce competitive interactions by segregating their ecological niche as a strategy that promotes coexistence. The main dimensions in which niche differentiation occurs are spatial, trophic, and temporal axes. Thus, describing the spatiotemporal patterns of sympatric species help us better grasp how species coexist. In Mexico, coyotes (Canis latrans) and gray foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) are sympatric and widely distributed, and information about their temporal and spatiotemporal interactions is still needed to explain their coexistence throughout their distribution. The evaluation of the ecological niche in temperate forests where both species coexist has shown high spatial and trophic overlap. Therefore, more pronounced segregation must occur in other niche dimensions, such as temporal and spatiotemporal axes, to maintain the coexistence between coyotes and gray foxes. As an approach to exploring the coexistence between these species in temperate forests, we pose the following question: Is there temporal or spatiotemporal segregation between sympatric coyotes and gray foxes? We hypothesized that both species maintain coexistence due to differences in their daily activity patterns (temporal segregation) and the presence of avoidance behaviors at the spatiotemporal level (spatiotemporal segregation), thereby reducing agonistic interactions. We aimed to evaluate indicators of niche segregation through two approaches: (i) temporal niche partitioning, measuring the overlap of the daily activity patterns and activity levels; and (ii) spatiotemporal niche partitioning, through temporal co-occurrence analysis and time to encounter analysis. In 2018, we used a camera-trap array (n = 43) to evaluate spatiotemporal interactions of coyotes and gray foxes in temperate forests of northern Mexico. We found that coyotes exhibited a diurnal daily activity pattern, whereas gray foxes were nocturnal, showing low overlap between daily activity patterns. Temporal co-occurrence and time to encounter analysis showed that coyotes and gray foxes occurred independently of each other. Therefore, we demonstrated that the spatiotemporal interactions between both species is a result of random species associations. In conclusion, here we provide evidence that ecological segregation occurred in the temporal niche and not in the spatiotemporal niche of the species. Thus, the temporal niche segregation represents one of the ecological strategies that facilitates the coexistence between coyotes and gray foxes and therefore promotes their sympatry in the temperate forests of northern Mexico.

Abstract Image

时间问题而非共存问题:时间分区有助于墨西哥温带森林中郊狼(Canis latrans)与灰狐(Urocyon cinereoargenteus)的共存
同域物种通过隔离生态位来减少竞争性相互作用,这是一种促进共存的策略。生态位分化的主要维度是空间轴、营养轴和时间轴。因此,描述同域物种的时空模式有助于我们更好地掌握物种如何共存。在墨西哥,郊狼(Canis latrans)和灰狐(Urocyon cinereoargenteus)是同域物种,分布广泛,要解释它们在整个分布区的共存情况,还需要有关它们时空相互作用的信息。对这两个物种共存的温带森林的生态位进行的评估显示,它们在空间和营养方面高度重叠。因此,要维持郊狼和灰狐的共存,必须在其他生态位维度(如时间轴和时空轴)上发生更明显的隔离。作为探索温带森林中这些物种共存的一种方法,我们提出了以下问题:同域的郊狼和灰狐之间是否存在时间或时空隔离?我们假设,这两个物种由于日常活动模式的差异(时间隔离)和时空层面的回避行为(时空隔离)的存在而保持共存,从而减少了对抗性的相互作用。我们旨在通过两种方法评估生态位隔离的指标:(i) 时间生态位分区,测量日常活动模式和活动水平的重叠;(ii) 时空生态位分区,通过时间共现分析和相遇时间分析。2018 年,我们使用照相机诱捕阵列(n = 43)评估了墨西哥北部温带森林中郊狼与灰狐的时空互动。我们发现,郊狼表现出昼伏夜出的日常活动模式,而灰狐则是夜行性的,日常活动模式之间的重叠率很低。时间共现和相遇时间分析表明,郊狼和灰狐的活动是相互独立的。因此,我们证明这两个物种之间的时空相互作用是随机物种关联的结果。总之,我们在此提供的证据表明,生态隔离发生在物种的时间生态位上,而不是时空生态位上。因此,时间生态位隔离是促进郊狼和灰狐共存的生态策略之一,从而促进了它们在墨西哥北部温带森林中的共生。
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来源期刊
Accounts of Chemical Research
Accounts of Chemical Research 化学-化学综合
CiteScore
31.40
自引率
1.10%
发文量
312
审稿时长
2 months
期刊介绍: Accounts of Chemical Research presents short, concise and critical articles offering easy-to-read overviews of basic research and applications in all areas of chemistry and biochemistry. These short reviews focus on research from the author’s own laboratory and are designed to teach the reader about a research project. In addition, Accounts of Chemical Research publishes commentaries that give an informed opinion on a current research problem. Special Issues online are devoted to a single topic of unusual activity and significance. Accounts of Chemical Research replaces the traditional article abstract with an article "Conspectus." These entries synopsize the research affording the reader a closer look at the content and significance of an article. Through this provision of a more detailed description of the article contents, the Conspectus enhances the article's discoverability by search engines and the exposure for the research.
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