Hypothesis on the potential of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation to modulate neurochemical pathways and circadian rhythm in ADHD

Abstract

Disturbances in the circadian rhythms are generally present in adults subjects with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. However, may present in children with the same clinical condition. Poor sleep quality interferes with neural inputs and outputs in areas that are fundamental in neurobiological aspects, such as the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, which can affect circadian rhythm, cognition, emotional and social control. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is an area involved in executive functions and sleep–wake regulation and is underactivated in subjects Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, which may be one of the main causes of alterations in the circadian cycle. Currently, studies with non-invasive therapeutic methods for adult populations and children with these disorders remain scarce, revealing a significant gap in understanding and treatment. In this context, the aim is investigate the potential effectiveness of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation as alternative non-invasive treatment of these disorders. In the present study, it is suggested that use excitatory currents from 10 Hz to 20 Hz in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex leads to an improvement in the circadian rhythm mechanism. This is because the excitatory current will promote an increase in dopamine (a neurotransmitter that regulates the circadian cycle) and an increase in glutamate and glutamine concentrations to restore homeostasis in brain regions linked to the sleep–wake cycle.