Spatial effects of shrub encroachment on wetland soil pH and salinity in the Yellow River Delta, China

Abstract

The encroachment of woody shrubs in grass-dominated coastal salt marsh ecosystems has potentially influenced soil physical and chemical processes at various scales. Understanding the effects of shrub encroachment on those ecosystems requires assessments of the spatial heterogeneity in soil variables across multiple scales. Combined with GIS spatial tools and sampling data, we evaluated the vertical (0–80 cm) and spatial characteristics of soil pH and soil salinity (or electrical conductivity, EC) in a coastal wetland that experienced 40 years of shrub (specifically, the Tamarix chinensis species) encroachment. In order to obtain the information of the spatial patterns and scale domains of soil pH and EC, we employed the lacunarity analysis method. Furthermore, we utilized both Mantel test and Pearson correlation to identify their relationship. The results revealed that shrub encroachment had notable impacts on the magnitude and spatial patterns of soil pH and EC. These effects were driven by specific encroaching processes. Specifically, large shrub patches (SP) resulted in a significant rise in soil pH and a noteworthy reduction in soil EC. In addition, small shrub clusters (SC) caused a notable reduction in soil EC, but did not have significant impacts on soil pH. The impacts of shrubs on soil pH were primarily observed in 0–20 cm, whereas their effects on soil EC extended to deeper soil layers (e.g., up to 60 cm). Shrub encroachment also increased the landscape heterogeneity of both soil pH and EC, with the effects being more pronounced on soil EC. The lacunarity analysis revealed that the spatial heterogeneity of soil EC differed significantly among four depths, 0–20, 20–30, 30–60, and 60–80 cm, while the heterogeneity of soil pH varied significantly between two depths of 0–60 and 60–80 cm. Furthermore, soil pH and soil EC showed a strong spatial association, with a negative relationship observed between the two variables within each soil layer. Our study at the landscape scale highlights the opposite responses of soil pH and EC in saline-alkali wetlands to shrub encroachment. By understanding the impacts of shrubs on soil properties, we can enhance our ability to effectively restore and manage these degraded ecosystems.