Prepulse Inhibition and Prestimulus Nonlinear Brain Dynamics in Childhood: A Lyapunov Exponent Approach

Abstract

The acoustic startle reflex (ASR) relies on the sensorimotor system and is affected by aging, sex, and psychopathology. ASR can be modulated by the prepulse inhibition (PPI) paradigm, which achieves the inhibition of reactivity to a startling stimulus (pulse) following a weak prepulse stimulus. Additionally, neurophysiological studies have found that brain activity is characterized by irregular patterns with high complexity, which however reduces with age. Our study investigated the relationship between prestartle nonlinear dynamics and PPI in healthy children versus adults. Fifty-six individuals took part in the experiment: 31 children and adolescents and 25 adults. Participants heard 51 pairs of tones (prepulse and startle) with a time difference of 30 to 500 ms. Subsequently, we assessed neural complexity by computing the largest Lyapunov exponent (LLE) during the prestartle period and assessed PPI by analyzing the poststartle event-related potentials (ERPs). Results showed higher neural complexity for children compared to adults, in line with previous research showing reduced complexity in the physiological signals in aging. As expected, PPI (as reflected in the P50 and P200 components) was enhanced in adults compared to children, potentially due to the maturation of the ASR for the former. Interestingly, prestartle complexity was correlated with the P50 component in children only, but not in adults, potentially due to the different stage of sensorimotor maturation between age groups. Overall, our study offers novel contributions for investigating brain dynamics, linking nonlinear with linear measures. Our findings are consistent with the loss of neural complexity in aging, and suggest differentiated links between nonlinear and linear metrics in children and adults.