NCA-Type Lithium-Ion Battery: A Review of Separation and Purification Technologies for Recycling Metals

IF 2.5 3区材料科学 Q3 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy Pub Date : 2024-06-17 DOI:10.1007/s40831-024-00859-6

Anastássia Mariáh Nunes de Oliveira Lima, Denise Crocce Romano Espinosa, Amilton Barbosa Botelho Junior, Jorge Alberto Soares Tenório

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Abstract

End-of-life lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are waste from electric vehicles that contain valuable and critical metals such as cobalt and lithium in their composition. These metals are at risk of supply due to the increase in demand in the manufacture of technological products and the concentration of reserves in specific countries. When we talk about urban mining, the step of separation and purification is difficult and crucial for development of technology to recover metals because there are many problems when we have a mix and different concentration of these metals. Thus, this study aim is to clarify the techniques used in the recovery of LIBs residues for the NCA type. The NCA-type batteries, which contain, in addition to lithium (Li), cobalt (Co) and nickel (Ni), the element aluminium (Al) in their cathode structure. It is observed was carried out on the recovery of LIBs of all types, and a gap was observed regarding NCA type. Although many studies cover the recovery of metals in cathode structures from LIBs, it is not observed for batteries containing Al. Its observed that aluminium is a problem for the separation process because of its chemical characteristics. Based on this analysis, the recovery of metals presents in the NCA type batteries, the route proposed is that the first step should be the precipitation of aluminium, followed by solvent extraction of cobalt, and the last step is the precipitation of nickel, followed by lithium precipitation.

Graphical Abstract

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NCA 型锂离子电池：金属回收分离和提纯技术综述

报废锂离子电池（LIB）是电动汽车产生的废料，其成分中含有钴和锂等贵重金属。由于技术产品制造需求的增加和特定国家储量的集中，这些金属面临供应风险。当我们谈论城市采矿时，分离和提纯步骤对于开发金属回收技术来说是困难和关键的，因为当这些金属混合在一起且浓度不同时，就会出现许多问题。因此，本研究的目的是阐明用于回收 NCA 型 LIBs 残渣的技术。NCA 型电池的阴极结构中除含有锂（Li）、钴（Co）和镍（Ni）元素外，还含有铝（Al）元素。据观察，对所有类型的锂离子电池都进行了回收，但在 NCA 型电池方面还存在差距。尽管许多研究都涉及锂离子电池阴极结构中金属的回收，但却没有发现含铝电池中金属的回收。据观察，由于铝的化学特性，铝是分离过程中的一个问题。基于上述分析，针对 NCA 型电池中出现的金属回收问题，提出的路线是第一步先沉淀铝，然后用溶剂萃取钴，最后一步沉淀镍，再沉淀锂。

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来源期刊

Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy Materials Science-Metals and Alloys

CiteScore

4.00

自引率

12.50%

发文量

151

期刊介绍： Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy is dedicated to presenting metallurgical processes and related research aimed at improving the sustainability of metal-producing industries, with a particular emphasis on materials recovery, reuse, and recycling. Its editorial scope encompasses new techniques, as well as optimization of existing processes, including utilization, treatment, and management of metallurgically generated residues. Articles on non-technical barriers and drivers that can affect sustainability will also be considered.