Preclinical evaluation of [18F]FP-CIT, the radiotracer targeting dopamine transporter for diagnosing Parkinson's disease: pharmacokinetic and efficacy analysis.

Abstract

Background: N-(3-fluoropropyl)-2β-carboxymethoxy-3β-(4-iodophenyl) nortropane (FP-CIT), the representative cocaine derivative used in dopamine transporter imaging, is a promising biomarker, as it reflects the severity of Parkinson's disease (PD). ¹²³I- and ¹⁸F-labeled FP-CIT has been used for PD diagnosis. However, preclinical studies evaluating [¹⁸F]FP-CIT as a potential diagnostic biomarker are scarce. Among translational research advancements from bench to bedside, translating preclinical findings into clinical practice is one-directional. The aim of this study is to employ a circular approach, beginning back from the preclinical stage, progressing to the supplementation of [¹⁸F]FP-CIT, and subsequently returning to clinical application. We investigated the pharmacokinetic properties of [¹⁸F]FP-CIT and its efficacy for PD diagnosis using murine models.

Results: Biodistribution, metabolite and excretion analyses were performed in mice and PD models were induced in rats using 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). The targeting efficiency of [¹⁸F]FP-CIT for the dopamine receptor was assessed through animal PET/CT imaging. Subsequently, correlation analysis was conducted between animal PET/CT imaging results and immunohistochemistry (IHC) targeting tyrosine hydroxylase. Rapid circulation was confirmed after [¹⁸F]FP-CIT injection. [¹⁸F]FP-CIT reached the highest uptake of 23.50 ± 12.46%ID/g in the striatum 1 min after injection, and it was rapidly excreted within 60 min. The major metabolic organs of [¹⁸F]FP-CIT were confirmed to be the intestines, liver, and kidneys. Its uptake in the intestine was approximately 5% ID/g. The uptake in the liver gradually increased, with excretion beginning after reaching a maximum after 60 min. The kidneys exhibited rapid elimination after 10 min. In the excretion study, rapid elimination was verified, with 21.46 ± 9.53% of the compound excreted within a 6 h period. Additionally, the efficacy of [¹⁸F]FP-CIT PET was demonstrated in the PD model, with a high correlation with IHC for both the absolute value (R = 0.803, p = 0.0017) and the ratio value (R = 0.973, p = 0.0011).

Conclusions: This study fills the gap regarding insufficient preclinical studies on [¹⁸F]FP-CIT, including its ADME, metabolites, and efficiency. The pharmacological results, including accurate diagnosis, rapid circulation, and [¹⁸F]FP-CIT excretion, provide complementary evidence that [¹⁸F]FP-CIT can be used safely and efficiently to diagnose PD in clinics, although it is already used in clinics.