Roles of Sp7 in osteoblasts for the proliferation, differentiation, and osteocyte process formation

Abstract

Background

Zinc finger-containing transcription factor Osterix/Specificity protein-7 (Sp7) is an essential transcription factor for osteoblast differentiation. However, its functions in differentiated osteoblasts remain unclear and the effects of osteoblast-specific Sp7 deletion on osteocytes have not been sufficiently studied.

Methods

Sp7^{floxneo/floxneo} mice, in which Sp7 expression was 30 % of that in wild-type mice because of disturbed splicing by neo gene insertion, and osteoblast-specific knockout (Sp7^{fl/fl;Col1a1−Cre}) mice using 2.3-kb Col1a1 enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-Cre were examined by micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), bone histomorphometry, serum markers, and histological analyses. The expression of osteoblast and osteocyte marker genes was examined by real-time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR analysis. Osteoblastogenesis, osteoclastogenesis, and regulation of the expression of collagen type I alpha 1 chain (Col1a1) were examined in primary osteoblasts.

Results

Femoral trabecular bone volume was higher in female Sp7^{floxneo/floxneo} and Sp7^{fl/fl;Col1a1−Cre} mice than in the respective controls, but not in males. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-positive osteoblastic cells were increased in male Sp7^{fl/fl;Col1a1−Cre} mice, and osteoblast number and the bone formation rate were increased in tibial trabecular bone in female Sp7^{fl/fl;Col1a1−Cre} mice, although osteoblast maturation was inhibited in female Sp7^{fl/fl;Col1a1−Cre} mice as shown by the increased expression of an immature osteoblast marker gene, secreted phosphoprotein 1 (Spp1), and reduced expression of a mature osteoblast marker gene, bone gamma-carboxyglutamate protein/bone gamma-carboxyglutamate protein 2 (Bglap/Bglap2). Furthermore, alkaline phosphatase activity was increased but mineralization was reduced in the culture of primary osteoblasts from Sp7^{fl/fl;Col1a1−Cre} mice. Therefore, the accumulated immature osteoblasts in Sp7^{fl/fl;Col1a1−Cre} mice was likely compensated for the inhibition of osteoblast maturation at different levels in males and females. Vertebral trabecular bone volume was lower in both male and female Sp7^{fl/fl;Col1a1−Cre} mice than in the controls and the osteoblast parameters and bone formation rate in females were lower in Sp7^{fl/fl;Col1a1−Cre} mice than in Sp7^fl/fl mice, suggesting differential regulatory mechanisms in long bones and vertebrae. The femoral cortical bone was thin and porous in Sp7^{floxneo/floxneo} and Sp7^{fl/fl;Col1a1−Cre} mice of both sexes, the number of canaliculi was reduced, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL)-positive lacunae and the osteoclasts were increased, whereas the bone formation rate was similar in Sp7^{fl/fl;Col1a1−Cre} and Sp7^fl/fl mice. The serum levels of total procollagen type 1 N-terminal propeptide (P1NP), a marker for bone formation, were similar, while those of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b (TRAP5b), a marker for bone resorption, were higher in Sp7^{fl/fl;Col1a1−Cre} mice. Osteoblasts were less cuboidal, the expression of Col1a1 and Col1a1-EGFP-Cre was lower in Sp7^{fl/fl;Col1a1−Cre} mice, and overexpression of Sp7 induced Col1a1 expression.

Conclusions

Our studies indicated that Sp7 inhibits the proliferation of immature osteoblasts, induces osteoblast maturation and Col1a1 expression, and is required for osteocytes to acquire a sufficient number of processes for their survival, which prevents cortical porosity.

The translational potential of this article

This study clarified the roles of Sp7 in differentiated osteoblasts in proliferarion, maturation, Col1a1 expression, and osteocyte process formation, which are required for targeting SP7 in the development of therapies for osteoporosis.