Health risk assessment of arsenic and lead contamination in drinking water: A study of Islamabad and Rawalpindi, Pakistan

Water Supply Pub Date : 2024-06-07 DOI:10.2166/ws.2024.135
Muhammad Tauseef Azam, Asif Ahmad, Anwaar Ahmed, Azeem Khalid, Samreen Saleem
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Abstract

The present research study explores the drinking water quality of Rawalpindi and Islamabad to identify the potent dissolved contaminants and carry out a health risk assessment as the study area houses more than 3 million people. Drinking water samples were collected from 95 union councils of the selected study area and were investigated for 12 physicochemical water quality indicators. The collected datasets were interpreted using general statistics, principal component analysis and spatial analysis for knowing the variations among the collected samples. The results revealed that overall 51.57% of the drinking water samples were unsatisfactory for human consumption. The rate of physicochemical contamination was 87.27% in the rural and unauthorized housing societies. Arsenic (As) and lead (Pb) were the potent contaminants in the drinking water samples. The health risk assessment uncovered that 31.57 and 10.45% of samples had a hazard quotient (HQ) >1 for arsenic and lead, respectively. Collectively, 41 drinking water sources were identified as potential health risk sources for the residents.
饮用水中砷和铅污染的健康风险评估:巴基斯坦伊斯兰堡和拉瓦尔品第研究
本研究对拉瓦尔品第和伊斯兰堡的饮用水水质进行了调查,以确定潜在的溶解污染物,并对健康风险进行评估,因为研究地区有 300 多万人口。从选定研究地区的 95 个联合委员会收集了饮用水样本,并对 12 项理化水质指标进行了调查。收集到的数据集通过一般统计、主成分分析和空间分析进行解释,以了解收集到的样本之间的差异。结果显示,51.57% 的饮用水样本不适合人类饮用。农村和违章建筑小区的理化污染率为 87.27%。砷(As)和铅(Pb)是饮用水样本中的主要污染物。健康风险评估发现,分别有 31.57% 和 10.45% 的样本中砷和铅的危害商数(HQ)大于 1。总共有 41 个饮用水源被确定为对居民健康有潜在风险的来源。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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