Selective Phosphodiesterase 4D (PDE4D) Allosteric Inhibitors for the Treatment of FMR-1 Gene Defects and other Pediatric Syndromal Disorders Associated with Cognitive Impairment

Abstract

The selective phosphodiesterase 4 D enzymes play a crucial role in regulating signaling through the cyclic adenosinmonophosphate second messenger system by hydrolyzing cyclic nucleotides. The PDE4 gene family includes four subtypes, PDE4A-D, distinguished by the presence of conserved regions called upstream conserved regions UCR1 and UCR2. These enzymes can exist as dimers or monomers, with UCR1 facilitating dimerization and UCR2 controlling enzyme activity by modulating access to cAMP. Dimeric isoforms exhibit increased activity in response to cAMP signaling through PKA-mediated phosphorylation of UCR1. Mutations in the PDE4D gene have been linked to the rare neurodevelopmental disorder acrodysostosis-2 (ACRDYS2), characterized by intellectual disability and brachydactyly. These mutations, predominantly missense mutations on the protein surface, disrupt protein kinase A phosphorylation sites or alter interactions between UCR2 and the catalytic domain, affecting enzyme activity. Some mutations at the dimerization site increase basal enzyme activity. Genetic variations in PDE4D also influence human cognitive abilities, as evidenced by GWAS studies linking allelic variation in the gene's 5' exons encoding dimeric forms to cognitive function. This highlights the significance of dimeric PDE4D isoforms in normal brain function, both in rare disorders like ACRDYS2 and in common genetic variants associated with cognitive abilities. Blocking PDE4D can boost signaling through the cAMP-PKA-SIRT1-Akt-Bcl-2/Bax pathway, potentially offering therapeutic advantages in neurocognitive disorders. We focus on the role of selective phosphodiesterase 4D (PDE4D) allosteric inhibitors for the treatment of fragile X mental retardation protein (FMR-1) gene defects and other brain disorders in childhood with focus on spinal cord injury in childhood, Down syndrome, Angelman syndrome, Rett syndrome and Prader Willi syndrome.