Manipulation of sports competitions in the Lithuanian football: empirical research

Salomėja Zaksaitė
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Abstract

This article deals with the topic of manipulation of sports competitions. It discusses the results of a unique empirical research, which gathered data from experts with a wealth of first-hand knowledge. Due to the specificity of such a study, the vast majority of the data is anonymised and/or pseudonymised. Nevertheless, the research is as natural as possible, especially due to the the sensitivity of the topic and jargon. The study revealed that manipulation is a serious problem in Lithuanian football, although the peak of this phenomenon is probably in the past. The research revealed intriguing connections that show that manipulation is far from being only a sports issue. It is a phenomenon closely linked to other scourges of the sporting community and society as a whole: the disregard for good governance, the lack of transparency and publicity, and the role of organised crime in the world of sport. Although the study did not specifically test criminological theories, the findings gathered from the research confirmed the insights of the strain and differential association theories. One of the ways in which manipulation is carried out clearly corresponds to the pattern drawn in the context of the two theories: starting with simple betting, players become addicted and indebted, and consequently feel constant tension, and only later, through a gradual interaction, does one start to talk about the manipulation of sporting competitions. It is also important to note that the betting market is precisely the environment where players can satisfy their need for competitiveness and release excessive adrenaline. Perhaps for this reason, football players who play in lower leagues or whose careers are ending – that is, who are no longer able to succeed and let off steam on the field – are frequently caught by the betting hook. This creates an addiction to betting, potentially leading to committing fraud. From a legal perspective, the problem of manipulation of sports competitions can be explained by the difficulties in the application of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Lithuania: in the context of an unclear concept of professional sport, it is not obvious which competitions meet or do not meet the criterion of professionalism (which, up to now, has been required for the incrimination of manipulation of sports competitions).
立陶宛足球运动中的体育竞赛操纵:实证研究
本文讨论的主题是操纵体育比赛。文章讨论了一项独特的实证研究的结果,该研究从拥有丰富第一手知识的专家那里收集数据。由于这项研究的特殊性,绝大多数数据都是匿名和/或化名的。尽管如此,这项研究还是尽可能地自然,特别是考虑到该主题和行话的敏感性。研究显示,操纵是立陶宛足球界的一个严重问题,尽管这一现象的高峰期可能已经过去。研究揭示了一些耐人寻味的联系,表明操纵行为远非仅仅是一个体育问题。这一现象与体育界乃至整个社会的其他祸患密切相关:对良好管理的漠视、缺乏透明度和公开性,以及有组织犯罪在体育界的作用。虽然这项研究没有专门检验犯罪学理论,但研究结果证实了应变理论和差异关联理论的见解。操纵的方式之一显然与这两种理论所得出的模式相吻合:从简单的投注开始,球员们开始上瘾和负债,并因此感到持续的紧张,直到后来,通过逐渐的互动,人们才开始谈论对体育比赛的操纵。同样重要的是,博彩市场恰恰是球员满足竞争需求、释放过度肾上腺素的环境。也许正因如此,那些在低级别联赛踢球或职业生涯即将结束的足球运动员,也就是那些无法再在赛场上取得成功和发泄情绪的球员,经常会被博彩钩住。这就造成了投注上瘾,有可能导致欺诈行为。从法律角度看,操纵体育比赛的问题可以用适用《立陶宛共和国刑法典》的困难来解 释:在职业体育概念不明确的情况下,哪些比赛符合或不符合职业标准(迄今为止,这一直是 将操纵体育比赛入罪的必要条件)并不明显。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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32 weeks
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