Explosives leaking from dumped munition contaminate fish from German coastal waters: a reason for chronic effects?

IF 6 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
Ulrike Kammann, Verena Töpker, Nicole Schmidt, Marcellus Rödiger, Marc-Oliver Aust, Michael Gabel, Jörn Peter Scharsack
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Abstract

Background

Conventional munition dumped into the North Sea and the Baltic Sea close to the German coastline is corroding. A major concern is that biota, including fish, are negatively affected by toxic explosives leaking into marine environments. With the present study, we investigated fish living in close proximity to munition dumping sites for contamination and for signs of health impairments. The flat fish species common dab (Limanda limanda) was used as a model, since it lives in the vicinity of dumping sites and exhibits minor migratory activity. Since explosives are excreted via the bile, the bile fluids from dab were analysed. Further on we inspected the health status of the fish.

Results

Dab caught in German coastal waters of the Baltic Sea and the North Sea were contaminated with explosives. Probably due to rapid metabolization, concentrations of the explosive 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) were always below limit of detection, but its metabolites 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene and 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene were detected in bile fluid up to 26.36 ng/ml and 95.91 ng/ml, respectively. Only few fish from the Baltic Sea were positive for the explosive HMX, octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine with a maximum concentration of 0.89 ng/ml. Highest concentrations of TNT metabolites in bile fluid were detected in dab collected near the dumping site “Kolberger Heide” in the bay of Kiel (Baltic Sea). However, also dab from the North Sea were significantly contaminated with TNT metabolites.

Conclusions

The present study showed for the first time that fish living close to near shore munition dumping sites in the North Sea are contaminated with explosives. Various health indicators (body condition factors, externally visible fish diseases, parasites or liver anomalies) showed differences in health status between fish living in the North Sea and in the Baltic Sea, respectively. However, the health status of fish caught at the most contaminated site in the Baltic Sea was not worse compared to fish living in less contaminated areas. We conclude that fish living in the vicinity of dumping sites in the North Sea and the Baltic Sea can be significantly contaminated with explosives. However, obvious health impairments of the fish were not observed.

Abstract Image

倾弃弹药泄漏的爆炸物污染了德国沿海水域的鱼类:造成慢性影响的原因?
背景倾入北海和波罗的海靠近德国海岸线的常规弹药正在腐蚀。包括鱼类在内的生物群会受到泄漏到海洋环境中的有毒爆炸物的负面影响,这是一个令人担忧的主要问题。在本研究中,我们调查了生活在弹药倾弃场附近的鱼类是否受到污染以及健康受损的迹象。我们以生活在弹药倾弃场附近的扁平鱼类普通鳕(Limanda limanda)为模型,因为这种鱼类的洄游活动较少。由于爆炸物会通过胆汁排出体外,因此我们对达布鱼的胆汁液进行了分析。结果 在波罗的海和北海的德国沿海水域捕获的达比鱼受到了爆炸物的污染。可能由于代谢迅速,炸药 2,4,6-三硝基甲苯(TNT)的浓度始终低于检测限,但其代谢物 2-氨基-4,6-二硝基甲苯和 4-氨基-2,6-二硝基甲苯在胆汁液中的检测浓度分别高达 26.36 纳克/毫升和 95.91 纳克/毫升。只有少数波罗的海鱼类对爆炸物 HMX、八氢-1,3,5,7-四硝基-1,3,5,7-四佐辛呈阳性反应,最高浓度为 0.89 纳克/毫升。在基尔海湾(波罗的海)"Kolberger Heide "倾倒场附近采集的粪便中检测到胆汁液中TNT代谢物浓度最高。结论本研究首次表明,生活在北海近岸弹药倾弃场附近的鱼类受到了爆炸物的污染。各种健康指标(身体状况因素、外部可见的鱼病、寄生虫或肝脏异常)显示,生活在北海和波罗的海的鱼类的健康状况存在差异。不过,与生活在污染较轻地区的鱼类相比,在波罗的海污染最严重地区捕获的鱼类的健康状况并不差。我们的结论是,生活在北海和波罗的海倾倒场附近的鱼类可能受到爆炸物的严重污染。不过,并未观察到鱼类的健康受到明显损害。
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来源期刊
Environmental Sciences Europe
Environmental Sciences Europe Environmental Science-Pollution
CiteScore
11.20
自引率
1.70%
发文量
110
审稿时长
13 weeks
期刊介绍: ESEU is an international journal, focusing primarily on Europe, with a broad scope covering all aspects of environmental sciences, including the main topic regulation. ESEU will discuss the entanglement between environmental sciences and regulation because, in recent years, there have been misunderstandings and even disagreement between stakeholders in these two areas. ESEU will help to improve the comprehension of issues between environmental sciences and regulation. ESEU will be an outlet from the German-speaking (DACH) countries to Europe and an inlet from Europe to the DACH countries regarding environmental sciences and regulation. Moreover, ESEU will facilitate the exchange of ideas and interaction between Europe and the DACH countries regarding environmental regulatory issues. Although Europe is at the center of ESEU, the journal will not exclude the rest of the world, because regulatory issues pertaining to environmental sciences can be fully seen only from a global perspective.
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