{"title":"The immunity gap in primates","authors":"Clara L. Mariencheck","doi":"10.1002/evan.22038","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p>Vertebrates exhibit sexual dimorphism in response to infectious diseases and in morbidity and mortality rates to various pathogens. Females are generally more immunocompetent than males, despite their increased reproductive burden and the immunosuppressive effects of gestation. In addition, females generally have lower incidences of cancer compared to males; however, they have higher rates of autoimmune disorders. These sex differences may be a result of life history differences, sexual selection, genetics, and/or the physiological effects of hormones. As highly social mammals with complex life histories, primates offer a unique opportunity to investigate the evolution of enhanced female immunocompetence. This review aims to examine the evidence of this immunity gap, understand current hypotheses for its evolution, and explore the potential role of X chromosome specific genes and heterozygosity within this framework.</p>","PeriodicalId":47849,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Anthropology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.6000,"publicationDate":"2024-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Evolutionary Anthropology","FirstCategoryId":"90","ListUrlMain":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/evan.22038","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"ANTHROPOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Vertebrates exhibit sexual dimorphism in response to infectious diseases and in morbidity and mortality rates to various pathogens. Females are generally more immunocompetent than males, despite their increased reproductive burden and the immunosuppressive effects of gestation. In addition, females generally have lower incidences of cancer compared to males; however, they have higher rates of autoimmune disorders. These sex differences may be a result of life history differences, sexual selection, genetics, and/or the physiological effects of hormones. As highly social mammals with complex life histories, primates offer a unique opportunity to investigate the evolution of enhanced female immunocompetence. This review aims to examine the evidence of this immunity gap, understand current hypotheses for its evolution, and explore the potential role of X chromosome specific genes and heterozygosity within this framework.
脊椎动物在对传染病的反应以及对各种病原体的发病率和死亡率方面表现出性双态性。尽管雌性的生殖负担加重，而且妊娠会产生免疫抑制作用，但雌性的免疫能力通常比雄性强。此外，与男性相比，女性的癌症发病率通常较低；但女性的自身免疫性疾病发病率较高。这些性别差异可能是生活史差异、性选择、遗传和/或激素的生理效应造成的。灵长类动物是具有复杂生活史的高度社会性哺乳动物，为研究雌性免疫能力增强的进化提供了一个独特的机会。本综述旨在研究这种免疫力差距的证据，了解目前有关其进化的假说，并探讨 X 染色体特异基因和杂合性在这一框架中的潜在作用。
期刊介绍：
Evolutionary Anthropology is an authoritative review journal that focuses on issues of current interest in biological anthropology, paleoanthropology, archaeology, functional morphology, social biology, and bone biology — including dentition and osteology — as well as human biology, genetics, and ecology. In addition to lively, well-illustrated articles reviewing contemporary research efforts, this journal also publishes general news of relevant developments in the scientific, social, or political arenas. Reviews of noteworthy new books are also included, as are letters to the editor and listings of various conferences. The journal provides a valuable source of current information for classroom teaching and research activities in evolutionary anthropology.
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