Quartic B-Spline Method for Non-Linear Second Order Singularly Perturbed Delay Differential Equations

Abstract

This paper introduces a novel computational approach utilizing the quartic B-spline method on a uniform mesh for the numerical solution of non-linear singularly perturbed delay differential equations (NSP-DDE) of second-order with a small negative shift. These types of equations are encountered in various scientific and engineering disciplines, including biology, physics, and control theory. We are using quartic B-spline methods to solve NSP-DDE without linearizing the equation. Thus, the set of equations generated by the quartic B-spline technique is non-linear and the obtained equations are solved by Newton-Raphson method. The success of the approach is assessed by applying it to a numerical example for different values of perturbation and delay parameter parameters, the maximum absolute error (MAE) is obtained via the double mesh principle. The convergence rate of the proposed method is four. Obtained numerical results are compared with existing numerical techniques in literature and observe that the proposed method is superior with other numerical techniques. The quartic B-spline method provides the numerical solution at any point of the given interval. It is easy to implement on a computer and more efficient for handling second-order NSP-DDE.