Effectiveness of a stepwise approach for screening of atrial fibrillation after stroke: insights from the SAFAS study

Abstract

Background Detection of atrial fibrillation (AF) is critical after ischemic stroke, providing information regarding the mechanism of the event and leading to modification in the antithrombotic strategy. While most guidelines recommend screening patients for AF with 12-lead ECG, telemetry, long-duration Holter monitoring and implantable cardiac monitor (ICM), the optimal timing and combination of such screening tools remain unclear. Objective This study aimed at investigating the suitability of a sequential combination of screening techniques (12-lead ECG, telemetry, in hospital long-lasting Holter monitoring, and ICM in the detection of AF after stroke. Methods Patients without previously known AF admitted to the Dijon University Hospital stroke unit for acute ischemic stroke were prospectively enrolled. After a stepwise screening approach for AF based on admission ECG, telemetry monitoring during the stroke unit stay and long-duration Holter monitoring during hospital stay, cryptogenic stroke patients were implanted of an ICM. Primary endpoint was the presence of AF detected during the 3-year period after stroke based on this sequential screening approach. Results A total of 240 patients were included. Among them, 104 (43.3%) patients had a documented cause of stroke non-related to AF. Among the remaining 136 patients (53.7% male, 70.8±13.7 yo), AF was detected in 82 (60%) patients over the acute screening phase or the 3-year follow-up with ICM. AF was diagnosed using 12-lead ECG, in-hospital telemetry, and in hospital long-lasting Holter monitoring in 17 (13%), 25 (18%), and 18 (13%) patients, respectively. AF was detected after the first 24 hours on the long-lasting Holter monitoring in 66% of patients. Among the 76 (56%) patients classified as cryptogenic after the complete stroke work-up and implanted from an ICM, AF was detected in 22 (29%) patients. AF occurred during the first, second, and third years of implantable monitoring in 14 (18.4%), 5 (6.6%), and 3 (3.9%) patients, respectively (Figure 1). Mean time from ICM implantation to AF diagnosis was 308+/-279 days. Finally, among all AF detected, 72% (60/83) were found during the initial intensive in-hospital screening. Conclusion A stepwise approach for AF screening after ischemic stroke allows the early detection of AF in a substantial number of patients during hospital stay. Even with such proactive initial monitoring strategy, invasive monitoring remains complementary to non-invasive screening tools not to overlook more distant AF episodes. Studies focusing on the relative risk of ischemic stroke recurrence according to AF timing and burden are needed.Figure 1