Use of a mixture design to optimize dietary macronutrients for large turbot (Scophthalmus maximus Linnaeus, 1758)

Abstract

Aim of study: Studies on the dietary needs of turbot fish (Scophthalmus maximus Linnaeus, 1758) have largely focused on the juvenile stage; however, there are not many on the larger (300–500 g) species. The purpose of this experiment was to determine the ideal dietary levels of protein, fat, and carbohydrate for large turbot. Area of study: Demre, Antalya, Türkiye. Material and methods: A three-component mixture design model was created to adjust the quantities of dietary protein between 45.6% and 63.4%, carbohydrates between 4.9% and 30.5%, and fat between 5.6% and 17.7%. The components of the model were fish meal (FM), fish oil (FO), and wheat flour (W). Fish initially weighing 301.6±0.1 g on average were fed 14 different diets for 10 weeks. The ideal dietary macronutrient levels were estimated by examining the prediction profiler at the highest desirability based on the variables that were selected to maximize final weight, daily growth coefficient, protein efficiency ratio, nitrogen and energy retentions, and minimize feed conversion ratio, nitrogen and carbon losses. Main results: The optimal diet formulation yielded the highest desirability of 0.87 for all selected responses and resulted in dietary inclusion levels of FM, W and FO as 63.6%, 20.8%, and 9.4%, respectively. The proposed optimal nutrient concentrations for large turbot (growing from 300 to 500 g) are 54% protein, approximately 17% lipid, and 15.8% carbohydrate on dry matter basis. Research highlights: The mixture design successfully allowed us to estimate the optimum levels of dietary protein, lipid and carbohydrate for large turbot.