Access to jeopardy: The legal hybridity of criminal-civil debt in the United States

Anjuli Verma, Bryan L. Sykes, Kyle Winnen
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Abstract

Research on the shadow carceral state identifies new species of criminal-civil and civil-criminal legal hybrids embedded in state law. We bring into conversation disparate literatures on growing family complexity, monetary sanctions, justiciable problems, and child support enforcement to examine how contemporary American families experience a system of double and triple jeopardy—the compounding risks of exposure to both criminal and civil debts at the nexus of a legal hybrid, wherein monetary sanctions (criminal) and child support orders (civil) become co-constitutive (double jeopardy), thereby amplifying the risk that a parent will also experience (civil) child support arrearage (triple jeopardy). Using data from seven sources to construct a unique dataset, we evaluate the spatial and racial risk of double and triple jeopardy, as well as the state-level factors that explain them. Our analysis provides a valid description of, and critically establishes the sociolegal precarity wherein, currently incarcerated parents observe and experience their risks of double and triple jeopardy in the child support system via its orders, collections, and enforcement powers. We find that there are, indeed, racial and spatial disparities in the risk of double and triple jeopardy, and that specific state-level factors increment and decrement those risks.
获得危害:美国刑事民事债务的法律混合性
对 "影子监狱"(shadow carceral state)的研究发现了州法律中刑事-民事和民事-刑事法律混合体的新品种。我们将关于日益复杂的家庭、金钱制裁、可由法院审理的问题以及儿童抚养费执行等不同的文献结合起来,研究当代美国家庭如何经历双重和三重危险--在法律混合体的连接点上,同时面临刑事和民事债务的复合风险,其中金钱制裁(刑事)和儿童抚养费命令(民事)成为共同构成(双重危险),从而放大了父母拖欠(民事)儿童抚养费的风险(三重危险)。我们利用七个来源的数据构建了一个独特的数据集,评估了双重危险和三重危险的空间和种族风险,以及解释这些风险的州一级因素。我们的分析有效地描述并批判性地确定了社会法律的不稳定性,在这种不稳定性中,目前被监禁的父母通过儿童抚养系统的命令、收款和执行权力观察并体验到他们面临双重和三重危险的风险。我们发现,双重和三重危险的风险确实存在种族和空间上的差异,而且特定的州一级因素会增加或减少这些风险。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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