In vitro and in vivo evaluation of a tetrazine-conjugated poly-L-lysine effector molecule labeled with astatine-211

Abstract

Background

A significant challenge in cancer therapy lies in eradicating hidden disseminated tumor cells. Within Nuclear Medicine, Targeted Alpha Therapy is a promising approach for cancer treatment tackling disseminated cancer. As tumor size decreases, alpha-particles gain prominence due to their high Linear Energy Transfer (LET) and short path length. Among alpha-particle emitters, ²¹¹At stands out with its 7.2 hour half-life and 100% alpha emission decay. However, optimizing the pharmacokinetics of radiopharmaceuticals with short lived radionuclides such as ²¹¹At is pivotal, and in this regard, pretargeting is a valuable tool. This method involves priming the tumor with a modified monoclonal antibody capable of binding both the tumor antigen and the radiolabeled carrier, termed the “effector molecule. This smaller, faster-clearing molecule improves efficacy. Utilizing the Diels Alder click reaction between Tetrazine (Tz) and Trans-cyclooctene (TCO), the Tz-substituted effector molecule combines seamlessly with the TCO-modified antibody. This study aims to evaluate the in vivo biodistribution of two Poly-L-Lysine-based effector molecule sizes (10 and 21 kDa), labelled with ²¹¹At, and the in vitro binding of the most favorable polymer size, in order to optimize the pretargeted radioimmunotherapy with ²¹¹At.

Results

In vivo results favor the smaller polymer’s biodistribution pattern over the larger one, which accumulates in organs like the liver and spleen. This is especially evident when comparing the biodistribution of the smaller polymer to a directly labelled monoclonal antibody. The smaller variant also shows rapid and efficient binding to SKOV-3 cells preloaded with TCO-modified Trastuzumab in vitro, emphasizing its potential. Both polymer sizes showed equal or better in vivo stability of the astatine-carbon bond compared to a monoclonal antibody labelled with the same prosthetic group.

Conclusions

Overall, the small Poly-L-Lysine-based effector molecule (10 kDa) holds the most promise for future research, exhibiting significantly lower uptake in the kidneys and spleen compared to the larger effector (21 kDa) while maintaining an in vivo stability of the astatine-carbon bond comparable to or better than intact antibodies. A proof of concept in vitro cell study demonstrates rapid reaction between the small astatinated effector and a TCO-labelled antibody, indicating the potential of this novel Poly-L-Lysine-based pretargeting system for further investigation in an in vivo tumor model.