Numerical investigation of drop–film interactions with a thixotropic liquid

Abstract

We investigate numerically the influence of thixotropic effects on the impact of a drop onto a thin film, a fundamental process in many technical systems. Direct numerical simulations are performed with a Volume-of-Fluid (VOF) method based multiphase flow solver whose capabilities are expanded in order to enable simulations of a thixotropic liquid. The thixotropic behavior is modeled by a rate kinetic equation for the structural integrity of the assumed microstructure of the liquid. The corresponding structural parameter is described by an additional VOF-variable. After a validation of the implementations, we vary systematically the two parameters of the thixotropic model for a selected impact scenario in order to identify thixotropic effects during the impact and on the overall impact morphology. The two parameters are the mutation number $Mu=t_{\text{exp}}/t_{\theta }$ as the ratio of the experimental time scale to the time scale of the structural rebuilding and the parameter $\beta$, which describes the effectivity of the shear-induced structural disintegration. The parameter study leads to a regime map with three different regimes. For $Mu>10$, the liquid behaves purely shear-thinning. High shear rates during the early stages of the impact lead to a low apparent viscosity at the crown base and to an enhanced crown growth. For $Mu<0.1$, the liquid behaves irreversible thixotropic or rheodestructing, respectively. Structural rebuilding is negligible and every deformation leads to a further disintegration of the microstructure. In this regime, a thin region of disintegrated microstructure develops within the liquid, spanning from the location of high shear stresses at the bottom into the crown rim. In between these two regimes, purely thixotropic effects become significant. A complex microstructure develops during the impact, in which features of both regimes occur combined, leading to a pronounced viscosity gradient along the crown wall. A comparison of the resulting maximum crown heights reveals that various combinations of $Mu$ and $\beta$ values can lead to the same maximum crown height whereas the crown shapes prior to this point in time can be very different.