Comparing the Developmental Toxicity Delay and Neurotoxicity of Benzothiazole and Its Derivatives (BTHs) in Juvenile Zebrafish

Toxics Pub Date : 2024-05-07 DOI:10.3390/toxics12050341
Xiaogang Yin, Lei Wang, Lianshan Mao
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Abstract

In this study, a semi-static water exposure method was employed to investigate the early developmental and neurotoxic effects of four benzothiazole substances (BTHs), namely benzothiazole (BTH), 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT), 2-hydroxybenzothiazole (BTON), and 2-aminobenzothiazole (2-ABTH), on zebrafish at an equimolar concentration of 10 μM. The findings revealed that all four BTHs exerted certain impacts on early development in zebrafish. MBT stimulated spontaneous movement in juvenile zebrafish, whereas BTON inhibited such movements. Moreover, all four BTHs hindered the hatching process of zebrafish larvae, with MBT exhibiting the strongest inhibition at 24 h post-fertilization (hpf). Notably, MBT acted as a melanin inhibitor by suppressing melanin production in juvenile zebrafish eyes and weakening phototaxis. Additionally, both BTH and BTON exhibited significantly lower speeds than the control group and other test groups under conditions without bright field stimulation; however, their speeds increased to average levels after percussion stimulation, indicating no significant alteration in motor ability among experimental zebrafish groups. Short-term exposure to these four types of BTHs induced oxidative damage in zebrafish larvae; specifically, BTH-, MBT-, and BTON-exposed groups displayed abnormal expression patterns of genes related to oxidative damage. Exposure to both BTH and MBT led to reduced fluorescence intensity in transgenic zebrafish labeled with central nervous system markers, suggesting inhibition of central nervous system development. Furthermore, real-time quantitative PCR results demonstrated abnormal gene expression associated with neural development. However, no significant changes were observed in 2-ABTH gene expression at this concentration. Overall findings indicate that short-term exposure to BTHs stimulates neurodevelopmental gene expression accompanied by oxidative damage.
比较苯并噻唑及其衍生物(BTHs)对幼年斑马鱼的发育毒性延迟和神经毒性
本研究采用半静态水暴露法研究了等摩尔浓度为10 μM的四种苯并噻唑类物质(BTHs),即苯并噻唑(BTH)、2-巯基苯并噻唑(MBT)、2-羟基苯并噻唑(BTON)和2-氨基苯并噻唑(2-ABTH)对斑马鱼早期发育和神经毒性的影响。研究结果表明,这四种BTH对斑马鱼的早期发育都有一定的影响。MBT刺激斑马鱼幼鱼的自发运动,而BTON则抑制这种运动。此外,所有四种 BTH 都会阻碍斑马鱼幼体的孵化过程,其中 MBT 在受精后 24 小时(hpf)的抑制作用最强。值得注意的是,MBT 通过抑制斑马鱼幼鱼眼睛中黑色素的生成和削弱趋光性,起到了黑色素抑制剂的作用。此外,在没有明场刺激的条件下,BTH 和 BTON 的速度明显低于对照组和其他试验组;但在叩击刺激后,它们的速度增加到平均水平,表明实验斑马鱼组之间的运动能力没有显著改变。短期暴露于这四种 BTHs 会诱导斑马鱼幼体的氧化损伤;具体而言,暴露于 BTH、MBT 和 BTON 的斑马鱼组显示出与氧化损伤相关的基因的异常表达模式。暴露于 BTH 和 MBT 会导致标记有中枢神经系统标记物的转基因斑马鱼荧光强度降低,这表明中枢神经系统的发育受到了抑制。此外,实时定量 PCR 结果显示与神经发育相关的基因表达异常。然而,在这一浓度下,2-ABTH 基因表达没有发生明显变化。总体研究结果表明,短期接触 BTH 会刺激神经发育基因的表达,并伴随氧化损伤。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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