BIOLOGICAL REACTIONS OF MACROPHAGES TO METAL OXIDE NANOPARTICLES

Abstract

In our daily lives, nanomaterials are utilized extensively in paints, textiles, food goods, cosmetics, and medicine. Several investigations aim to deter investigations of the physiological effects in various cell types. The innate immune system's macrophages regulate a wide range of biological functions. Depending on the stimulus, macrophages can be activated toward pro- or anti-inflammatory (M1) phenotypes; however, polarization may change in conditions including cancer, autoimmune illnesses, and bacterial and viral infections. Metal oxide nanoparticles have recently gained significant interest due to their diverse range of unique features with applications in research and industry. The production and usage of nanomaterials will rise significantly as the nanotechnology business grows. As a result, testing the consequences of nanomaterial exposure in biological systems is critical. A comparative analysis is conducted on the toxicities of several metal oxide nanoparticles. The significance of biogenically generated metal oxide nanoparticles has been growing in recent years. However, more research is needed to thoroughly characterize the potential toxicity of these nanoparticles to ensure nanosafety and consider environmental views. To that end, nanotoxicology seeks to assess the toxicity of nanomaterials to physicochemical factors such as size and form. In this review, we focus on the biological reactions of macrophages to metal oxide nanoparticles. Because macrophages are the first cells to engage with nanoparticles when they enter the body, they can absorb them through various processes.