Does fortune follow function? Exploring how consumer preferences drive the functional trait composition of the global songbird trade

Ryan J. Almeida, Alexandra N. Mazza, Julie L. Lockwood
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Abstract

Defaunation and extinction undermine the resilience and functioning of ecological communities and ecosystems. Relative to other disturbances, overexploitation for the global wildlife trade presents a unique case of trait‐based selection, as demand for specific individuals is often tied to unique morphological or aesthetic traits desired by consumers (‘market traits’). Because evolutionary history leads to species that share both market and functional traits, we posit that non‐random patterns of exploitation will result in non‐random loss of functional diversity. We applied a trait‐based framework to the global songbird trade for 4616 species, 148 of which are plausibly threatened by the trade. We quantified select market traits, such as unique coloration and song quality, and ecological traits related to body size, diet, and foraging strategy to assess whether the trade disproportionately threatens particular functional groups. We additionally looked for patterns of association between market traits and functional traits to assess whether selection on certain market traits could drive selection on associated functional traits. We found that overexploited birds are a distinct functional subset of the global songbird pool, with the trade disproportionately threatening large bodied, frugivorous, and seed eating birds. Across all songbirds, there were multiple non‐random associations between market traits and functional traits, with the strongest associations observed among trade‐threatened birds; this was consistent with our theory that consumer‐driven selection on market traits could theoretically result in selection on functional traits. However, there was mixed evidence for this hypothesis at a global scale, suggesting that disproportionate threat to functional diversity may be more likely in regions where there is heavy demand for associated market traits. Policy implications. Our results highlight the need for increased focus on the mechanistic drivers of trait‐based selection on the consumer side of wildlife trade, and how patterns of overexploitation can systematically affect ecological communities and ecosystem services. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
功能决定命运?探索消费者偏好如何驱动全球鸣禽贸易的功能特征构成
衰退和灭绝破坏了生态群落和生态系统的恢复能力和功能。与其他干扰相比,全球野生动物贸易的过度开发是基于性状选择的一个独特案例,因为对特定个体的需求往往与消费者所需的独特形态或美学性状("市场性状")相关联。我们将基于性状的框架应用于全球 4616 种鸣禽的贸易,其中 148 种可能受到贸易的威胁。我们对特定的市场特征(如独特的色彩和鸣唱质量)以及与体型、饮食和觅食策略相关的生态特征进行了量化,以评估鸣禽贸易是否对特定功能群造成了过大的威胁。此外,我们还寻找了市场特征与功能特征之间的关联模式,以评估对某些市场特征的选择是否会驱动对相关功能特征的选择。我们发现,被过度开发的鸟类是全球鸣禽库中一个独特的功能子集,其贸易不成比例地威胁着大体型鸟类、节食鸟类和食种子鸟类。在所有鸣禽中,市场特征与功能特征之间存在多种非随机关联,其中受贸易威胁的鸟类的关联性最强;这与我们的理论一致,即理论上消费者对市场特征的选择可能会导致对功能特征的选择。然而,在全球范围内,这一假设的证据不一,这表明在对相关市场性状有大量需求的地区,功能多样性更有可能受到不成比例的威胁。我们的研究结果突出表明,有必要进一步关注野生动物贸易消费方基于性状选择的机制驱动因素,以及过度开发模式如何系统性地影响生态群落和生态系统服务。
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