Outcome of Hairy Cell Leukemia: A Single-center Study

Abstract

Hairy cell leukemia (HCL) is a rare chronic B-cell lymphoproliferative disorder. Modern therapy with purine analogs and immunotherapy can provide long-term remission, but the risk of recurrence remains about 40%–50%. The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcome of patients with HCL who received treatment in Nanakali Hospital. A retrospective cross-sectional study was carried out on 50 patients of HCL diagnosed from 2004 to 2022 in Nanakali Hospital in Erbil City, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. Demographics, clinical presentation, treatment data, complications, response, recurrence, and survival data were collected from medical records. The results were presented with descriptive statistics. Variables were compared by Chi-square analysis. The mean age was 52.64 ± 12.37 years, and 84% were male. The most common presenting symptoms were splenomegaly (18%) and fatigue (14%). The majority (69.6%) received cladribine; the response rate was 73.9%, with a complete remission (67.4%). 47.8% had recurrent disease. The most common adverse effects were febrile neutropenia (58.7%) and Grade III and IV hematologic toxicity (41.3%). The results were significantly associated with ANC pretreatment (P = 0.019), comorbidity (P = 0.001), and treatment response (P = 0.004). Cladribine–rituximab combination resulted in complete remission (100%). Ten-year overall survival was 70%. The results were broadly consistent with literature reports, demonstrating the efficacy and safety of cladribine with/without rituximab as first-line therapy for HCL but with a 30% mortality of concern. Further studies should identify modifiable factors that affect poor prognosis in subgroups to guide improvements in risk management of HCL.