Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia With Torque Teno Mini Virus::RARA Fusion: An Approach to Screening and Diagnosis

Abstract

Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) with variant RARA translocation is linked to over 15 partner genes. Recent publications encompassing 6 cases have expanded the spectrum of RARA partners to torque teno mini virus (TTMV). This entity is likely underrecognized due to the lack of clinician and pathologist familiarity, inability to detect the fusion using routine testing modalities, and informatic challenges in its recognition within next-generation sequencing (NGS) data. We describe a clinicopathologic approach and provide the necessary tools to screen and diagnose APL with TTMV::RARA using existing clinical DNA- or RNA-based NGS assays, which led to the identification of 4 cases, all without other known cytogenetic/molecular drivers. One was identified prospectively and 3 retrospectively, including 2 from custom automated screening of multiple data sets (50,257 cases of hematopoietic malignancy, including 4809 acute myeloid leukemia/myeloid sarcoma/APL cases). Two cases presented as myeloid sarcoma, including 1 with multiple relapses after acute myeloid leukemia-type chemotherapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplant. Two cases presented as leukemia, had a poor response to induction chemotherapy, but achieved remission upon reinduction (including all-trans retinoic acid in 1 case) and subsequent hematopoietic stem cell transplant. Neoplastic cells demonstrated features of APL including frequent azurophilic granules and dim/absent CD34 and HLA-DR expression. RARA rearrangement was not detected by karyotype or fluorescent in situ hybridization. Custom analysis of NGS fusion panel data identified TTMV::RARA rearrangements and, in the prospectively identified case, facilitated monitoring in sequential bone marrow samples. APL with TTMV::RARA is a rare leukemia with a high rate of treatment failure in described cases. The diagnosis should be considered in leukemias with features of APL that lack detectable RARA fusions and other drivers, and may be confirmed by appropriate NGS tests with custom informatics. Incorporation of all-trans retinoic acid may have a role in treatment but requires accurate recognition of the fusion for appropriate classification as APL.