Circular Steel for Fast Decarbonization: Thermodynamics, Kinetics, and Microstructure Behind Upcycling Scrap into High-Performance Sheet Steel

IF 10.6 2区 材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY
Dierk Raabe, Matic Jovičević-Klug, Dirk Ponge, Alexander Gramlich, Alisson Kwiatkowski da Silva, A. Nicholas Grundy, Hauke Springer, Isnaldi Souza Filho, Yan Ma
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Abstract

Steel production accounts for approximately 8% of all global CO2 emissions, with the primary steelmaking route using iron ores accounting for about 80% of those emissions, mainly due to the use of fossil-based reductants and fuel. Hydrogen-based reduction of iron oxide is an alternative for primary synthesis. However, to counteract global warming, decarbonization of the steel sector must proceed much faster than the ongoing transition kinetics in primary steelmaking. Insufficient supply of green hydrogen is a particular bottleneck. Realizing a higher fraction of secondary steelmaking thus is gaining momentum as a sustainable alternative to primary production. Steel production from scrap is well established for long products (rails, bars, wire), but there are two main challenges. First, there is not sufficient scrap available to satisfy market needs. Today, only one-third of global steel demand can be met by secondary metallurgy using scrap since many steel products have a lifetime of several decades. However, scrap availability will increase to about two-thirds of total demand by 2050 such that this sector will grow massively in the next decades. Second, scrap is often too contaminated to produce high-performance sheet steels. This is a serious obstacle because advanced products demand explicit low-tolerance specifications for safety-critical and high-strength steels, such as for electric vehicles, energy conversion and grids, high-speed trains, sustainable buildings, and infrastructure. Therefore, we review the metallurgical and microstructural challenges and opportunities for producing high-performance sheet steels via secondary synthesis. Focus is placed on the thermodynamic, kinetic, chemical, and microstructural fundamentals as well as the effects of scrap-related impurities on steel properties.
快速脱碳的循环钢:废钢升级再造为高性能板材背后的热力学、动力学和微观结构
钢铁生产排放的二氧化碳约占全球总排放量的 8%,其中使用铁矿石的初级炼钢工艺排放的二氧化碳约占 80%,主要原因是使用了化石还原剂和燃料。氢还原氧化铁是初级合成的替代方法。然而,为了应对全球变暖,钢铁行业的去碳化进程必须远远快于初级炼钢的转型速度。绿色氢气供应不足是一个特别的瓶颈。因此,提高二次炼钢的比例,作为一次炼钢的可持续替代方案,正获得越来越大的发展势头。利用废钢生产长材(钢轨、棒材、线材)的技术已经成熟,但仍面临两大挑战。首先,没有足够的废钢来满足市场需求。目前,全球仅有三分之一的钢铁需求可以通过利用废钢进行二次冶炼来满足,因为许多钢铁产品的使用寿命长达几十年。然而,到 2050 年,废钢的供应量将增加到总需求量的三分之二左右,因此这一行业在未来几十年将大幅增长。其次,废钢通常污染严重,无法生产高性能薄板钢。这是一个严重的障碍,因为先进产品对安全关键钢材和高强度钢材有明确的低公差要求,如电动汽车、能源转换和电网、高速列车、可持续建筑和基础设施。因此,我们回顾了通过二次合成生产高性能薄板钢在冶金和微观结构方面面临的挑战和机遇。重点是热力学、动力学、化学和微观结构的基本原理,以及废钢相关杂质对钢材性能的影响。
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来源期刊
Annual Review of Materials Research
Annual Review of Materials Research 工程技术-材料科学:综合
CiteScore
17.70
自引率
1.00%
发文量
21
期刊介绍: The Annual Review of Materials Research, published since 1971, is a journal that covers significant developments in the field of materials research. It includes original methodologies, materials phenomena, material systems, and special keynote topics. The current volume of the journal has been converted from gated to open access through Annual Reviews' Subscribe to Open program, with all articles published under a CC BY license. The journal defines its scope as encompassing significant developments in materials science, including methodologies for studying materials and materials phenomena. It is indexed and abstracted in various databases, such as Scopus, Science Citation Index Expanded, Civil Engineering Abstracts, INSPEC, and Academic Search, among others.
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