RFI detection with spiking neural networks

Abstract

Detecting and mitigating radio frequency interference (RFI) is critical for enabling and maximising the scientific output of radio telescopes. The emergence of machine learning (ML) methods capable of handling large datasets has led to their application in radio astronomy, particularly in RFI detection. Spiking neural networks (SNNs), inspired by biological systems, are well suited for processing spatio-temporal data. This study introduces the first exploratory application of SNNs to an astronomical data processing task, specifically RFI detection. We adapt the nearest latent neighbours (NLNs) algorithm and auto-encoder architecture proposed by previous authors to SNN execution by direct ANN2SNN conversion, enabling simplified downstream RFI detection by sampling the naturally varying latent space from the internal spiking neurons. Our subsequent evaluation aims to determine whether SNNs are viable for future RFI detection schemes. We evaluate detection performance with the simulated HERA telescope and hand-labelled LOFAR observation dataset the original authors provided. We additionally evaluate detection performance with a new MeerKAT-inspired simulation dataset that provides a technical challenge for machine-learnt RFI detection methods. This dataset focuses on satellite-based RFI, an increasingly important class of RFI and is an additional contribution. Our SNN approach remains competitive with the original NLN algorithm and AOFlagger in AUROC, AUPRC, and F1-scores for the HERA dataset but exhibits difficulty in the LOFAR and Tabascal datasets. However, our method maintains this accuracy while completely removing the compute and memory-intense latent sampling step found in NLN. This work demonstrates the viability of SNNs as a promising avenue for ML-based RFI detection in radio telescopes by establishing a minimal performance baseline on traditional and nascent satellite-based RFI sources and is the first work to our knowledge to apply SNNs in astronomy.