Functional single-cell analyses of mesenchymal stromal cell proliferation and differentiation using ALDH-activity and mitochondrial ROS content

Abstract

Baskground

Previous research has unveiled a stem cell-like transcriptome enrichment in the aldehyde dehydrogenase-expressing (ALDH^high) mesenchymal stromal cell (MStroC) fraction. However, considering the heterogeneity of MStroCs, with only a fraction of them presenting bona fide stem cells (MSCs), the actual potency of ALDH as an MSC-specific selection marker remains an issue.

Methods

To address this, the proliferative and differentiation potential of individual ALDH^high and ALDH^low MStroCs incubated at low oxygen concentrations, estimated to mimic stem cell niches (0.1% O₂), were assayed using single-cell clonal analysis, compared to standard conditions (20% O₂).

Results

We confirm that a high proliferative capacity and multi-potent MSCs are enriched in the ALDH^high MStroC population, especially when cells are cultured at 0.1% O₂. Measurements of reduced/oxidized glutathione and mitochondrial superoxide anions with MitoSoX (MSX) indicate that this advantage induced by low oxygen is related to a decrease in the oxidative and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in the stem cell metabolic setup. However, ALDH expression is neither specific nor exclusive to MSCs, as high proliferative capacity and multi-potent cells were also found in the ALDH^low fraction. Furthermore, single-cell assays performed after combined cell sorting based on ALDH and MSX showed that the MSX^low MStroC population is enriched in stem/progenitor cells in all conditions, irrespective of ALDH expression or culture oxygen concentration. Importantly, the ALDH^highMSX^low MStroC fraction exposed to 0.1% O₂ was almost exclusively composed of genuine MSCs. In contrast, neither progenitors nor stem cells (with a complete absence of colony-forming ability) were detected in the MSX^high fraction, which exclusively resides in the ALDH^low MStroC population.

Conclusion

Our study reveals that ALDH expression is not exclusively associated with MSCs. However, cell sorting using combined ALDH expression and ROS content can be utilized to exclude MStroCs lacking stem/progenitor cell properties.