Women’s economic underdevelopment in Pakistan: The intersection of gender and female labour force participation

IF 1.5 Q3 MANAGEMENT

Human systems management Pub Date : 2024-04-06 DOI:10.3233/hsm-240002

Huma Maqsood, Nor Fatimah Che Sulaiman, S. Muhamad, Nor Aizal Akmal Binti Rohaizad

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Women’s low economic participation in Pakistan and even lower in the formal sector is a perpetual phenomenon leading to their underdevelopment, which has microeconomic and macroeconomic implications. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the nature of women’s work and the intersection of their non-market and market activities at micro, meso, and macro levels which influences women’s chances and choices of decent economic participation. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to investigate the interdependence of women’s market and non-market work to explore how gender intersects with their economic autonomy. METHODS: Using qualitative approach, in-depth interviews of 30 purposely selected respondents from the informal sector were thematically analysed. RESULTS: Results indicated that the interdependence of women’s non-market and market work is the outcome of the gendered dichotomy that creates work-life conflict to create women’s economic dependence and male hegemony. Moreover, although a common phenomenon, women from underprivileged backgrounds are more likely to bear the brunt of systemic deprivation leading to economic underdevelopment. CONCLUSIONS: Pakistan’s inherently masculinised society and economy mutually benefit from women’s unpaid and informal work. Facilitated through gender norms, the patriarchal social ideology and the capitalist economic system collaborate to exploit women and their work in both domains.

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巴基斯坦妇女的经济欠发达状况：性别与女性劳动力参与的交集

背景：巴基斯坦妇女的经济参与度低，在正规部门的参与度更低，这是一个长期存在的现象，导致妇女发展不足，并对微观经济和宏观经济产生影响。因此，本研究的目的是调查妇女的工作性质，以及她们在微观、中观和宏观层面的非市场活动与市场活动之间的交集，这对妇女体面参与经济活动的机会和选择产生了影响。目标：本研究旨在调查妇女的市场工作和非市场工作之间的相互依存关系，以探讨性别问题如何与妇女的经济自主权相互交织。方法：采用定性方法，对从非正规经济部门特意挑选的 30 名受访者进行了深入访谈，并对访谈内容进行了专题分析。结果：结果表明，妇女的非市场工作和市场工作相互依存，是性别二元对立的结果，这种二元对立造成了工作与生活的冲突，造成了妇女的经济依赖和男性霸权。此外，尽管这是一个普遍现象，但来自贫困背景的妇女更有可能首当其冲地受到导致经济不发达的系统性剥夺。结论：巴基斯坦固有的大男子主义社会和经济相互受益于妇女的无偿和非正式工作。在性别规范的推动下，父权制社会意识形态和资本主义经济体系共同剥削妇女及其在这两个领域的工作。

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来源期刊

Human systems management MANAGEMENT-

CiteScore

3.50

自引率

30.40%

发文量

期刊介绍： Human Systems Management (HSM) is an interdisciplinary, international, refereed journal, offering applicable, scientific insight into reinventing business, civil-society and government organizations, through the sustainable development of high-technology processes and structures. Adhering to the highest civic, ethical and moral ideals, the journal promotes the emerging anthropocentric-sociocentric paradigm of societal human systems, rather than the pervasively mechanistic and organismic or medieval corporatism views of humankind’s recent past. Intentionality and scope Their management autonomy, capability, culture, mastery, processes, purposefulness, skills, structure and technology often determine which human organizations truly are societal systems, while others are not. HSM seeks to help transform human organizations into true societal systems, free of bureaucratic ills, along two essential, inseparable, yet complementary aspects of modern management: a) the management of societal human systems: the mastery, science and technology of management, including self management, striving for strategic, business and functional effectiveness, efficiency and productivity, through high quality and high technology, i.e., the capabilities and competences that only truly societal human systems create and use, and b) the societal human systems management: the enabling of human beings to form creative teams, communities and societies through autonomy, mastery and purposefulness, on both a personal and a collegial level, while catalyzing people’s creative, inventive and innovative potential, as people participate in corporate-, business- and functional-level decisions. Appreciably large is the gulf between the innovative ideas that world-class societal human systems create and use, and what some conventional business journals offer. The latter often pertain to already refuted practices, while outmoded business-school curricula reinforce this problematic situation.