Modelling sulfate concentrations in the global ocean through Phanerozoic time

Alexander J. Krause, Graham A Shields, Robert J. Newton, Benjamin J. W. Mills
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Abstract

Understanding the long-term variance of seawater sulfate concentrations ([SO 4 2- ] sw ) is critical to understanding the dynamic relationship between the sulfur, carbon, calcium, and oxygen cycles, and their influence on Earth's habitability. Here, we explore how [SO 4 2- ] sw has changed throughout the Phanerozoic, and its impact on other elemental cycles. We do this by utilising the biogeochemical box model GEOCARBSULFOR. The model suggests that [SO 4 2- ] sw rose throughout the Paleozoic, declined during the Mesozoic, and then rose once more in the Cenozoic, generally matching geochemical proxies. Atmospheric oxygen mirrors [SO 4 2- ] sw changes during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic, but intriguingly, decouples during the Cenozoic. We further explored controls on [SO 4 2- ] sw by modifying the modelled gypsum fluxes via the incorporation of evaporite data from the geological record. We find that forcing gypsum burial with the observed evaporite deposition data causes the model to better match proxy records at some times, but worsens predictions at others. Finally, we investigate model reliance on a prescribed record of marine calcium concentrations, finding that it is a dominant control on modelled Phanerozoic [SO 4 2- ] sw , and that removing this control seriously degrades model predictions. We conclude that no model can yet simulate a reasonable evolution of both the calcium and sulfur cycles. Thematic collection: This article is part of the Sulfur in the Earth system collection available at: https://www.lyellcollection.org/topic/collections/sulfur-in-the-earth-system Supplementary material: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.7164928
建立新生代时期全球海洋硫酸盐浓度模型
了解海水硫酸盐浓度([SO 4 2- ] sw)的长期变化对于理解硫、碳、钙和氧循环之间的动态关系及其对地球宜居性的影响至关重要。在这里,我们探讨了[SO 4 2- ] sw 在整个新生代的变化情况及其对其他元素循环的影响。我们利用生物地球化学盒模型 GEOCARBSULFOR 来实现这一目标。该模型表明,[SO 4 2- ] sw 在整个古生代上升,在中生代下降,然后在新生代再次上升,与地球化学代用指标基本吻合。大气中的氧气反映了古生代和中生代[SO 4 2- ] sw的变化,但有趣的是,在新生代,氧气与[SO 4 2- ] sw的变化脱钩。我们结合地质记录中的蒸发岩数据,对石膏通量模型进行了修改,从而进一步探索了[SO 4 2- ] sw 的控制因素。我们发现,利用观测到的蒸发岩沉积数据对石膏埋藏进行模拟,会使模型在某些时段与代用记录更加匹配,但在另一些时段则会使预测结果变差。最后,我们研究了模型对海洋钙浓度记录的依赖性,发现海洋钙浓度是控制新生代[SO 4 2- ] sw模型的主要因素,去除这一控制因素会严重降低模型的预测结果。我们的结论是,目前还没有任何模型可以同时模拟钙和硫循环的合理演化。 专题集:本文是《地球系统中的硫》文集的一部分,可从以下网址获取: https://www.lyellcollection.org/topic/collections/sulfur-in-the-earth-system 补充材料:https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.7164928
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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