Att bevisa målbildsuppsåt vid penningtvättsbrott – möjligheter och svårigheter

Jussi Karkkulainen
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Abstract

AbstractProving target intent in money laundering cases: possibilities and problems. Many criminal law researchers have stated that the volition of the perpetrator is relevant only when their purpose is a consequence that forms a part of the constituent elements of a criminal offence. Hence, the perpetrator could not have the other constituent elements of a criminal offence, e.g. circumstances, as their purpose or target. However, it has been recently stated in legal literature that the circumstances that form part of the constituent elements of an offence may also be relevant as targets of the offender. This form of criminal intent has been designated target intent (dolus propositum), where the offender at the time of the criminal act considers the circumstance element of a criminal offence their target. The current paper concentrates on target intent in money laundering, where the offender must have criminal intent in relation to the fact that the property they, e.g., receive, use, convert, convey, transfer, transmit or possess has been obtained through an offence. The paper examines whether the Finnish lower court cases concerning money laundering contain facts that could work as evidence of target intent on the part of the offender. It also considers the type of problems that can arise when attempting to prove target intent in money laundering cases. The study applies qualitative content analysis within a theory-oriented approach as its main methodology. The theory of target intent with its six subcategories – causing intent, selecting intent, ensuring intent, strengthening intent, revealing intent and desiring intent – provide a theoretical framework for the content analysis. These six subcategories represent the manifestations of target intent on a theoretical level. Most importantly, the subcategories structure the external and objectively observable facts by which the offender may express his or her will. The subcategories of target intent should therefore be utilised when assessing the possibility of target intent. By referring to these subcategories, it is possible to assess whether the offender has acted with target intent at trial. The analysis concludes that it is difficult to prove target intent in money laundering cases. Proving target intent in particular demands details concerning the behaviour of the perpetrator at the time of the criminal act. From the standpoint of the criminal law, intent cannot be based on thoughts and attitudes that have nothing to do with actual conduct of the offender. Hence, target intent must be apparent at the time of the offence and appear in the act in question. Money laundering is typically a drawn-out process as opposed to a spontaneous crime. This makes it challenging to recognise whether the offender has, at a certain moment, considered the definitional circumstance of his or her target. Moreover, the money launderer seldom indicates their willingness to handle only funds derived from criminal activities in an unequivocal way. Based on the analysis, target intent mainly arises in criminal cases where the offender has also been aware of the existence of the relevant circumstance. This poses a significant challenge for target intent in money laundering cases where proving intent seems to be difficult in general. Instead of visibly showing that they are searching for property obtained through an offence, the money launderer rather wilfully avoids information concerning any illicit origins.
证明洗钱犯罪中的意图--可能性和困难
许多刑法研究者指出,只有当行为人的目的是构成刑事犯罪构成要件一部分的后果时,其意志才具有相关性。因此,行为人不能将刑事犯罪的其他构成要件(如情节)作为其目的或目标。不过,最近有法律文献指出,构成犯罪构成要件一部分的情节也可以作为犯罪人的目标。这种形式的犯罪意图被称为目标意图(dolus propositum),即犯罪人在实施犯罪行为时将刑事犯罪的情节要素视为其目标。本文主要讨论洗钱中的目标意图,即犯罪人必须对其接收、使用、转换、转达、转移、传送或拥有的财产是通过犯罪获得的这一事实具有犯罪意图。本文探讨了芬兰下级法院有关洗钱的案件是否包含可作为罪犯目标意图证据的事实。本文还探讨了在洗钱案件中试图证明目标意图时可能出现的问题类型。目标意图理论及其六个子类别--引起意图、选择意图、确保意图、加强意图、揭示意图和渴望意图--为内容分析提供了一个理论框架。这六个子类别代表了目标意图在理论层面上的表现形式。最重要的是,这些子类别构建了外部的、可客观观察到的事实,犯罪者可以通过这些事实来表达自己的意愿。因此,在评估目标意图的可能性时,应利用目标意图的子类别。分析得出的结论是,在洗钱案件中很难证明目标意图。要证明目标意图,尤其需要犯罪人在实施犯罪行为时的行为细节。从刑法的角度来看,意图不能建立在与罪犯实际行为无关的想法和态度上。因此,目标意图必须在犯罪时显而易见,并出现在有关行为中。与自发犯罪相比,洗钱通常是一个漫长的过程。这就使得识别罪犯是否在某一时刻考虑过其目标的定义情况具有挑战性。此外,洗钱者很少明确表示他们只愿意处理来自犯罪活动的资金。根据分析,目标意图主要出现在犯罪者也意识到相关情况存在的刑事案件中。这给洗钱案件中的目标意图带来了巨大挑战,因为在一般情况下,证明意图似乎很难。洗钱者没有明显地表明他们在寻找通过犯罪获得的财产,而是故意回避有关任何非法来源的信息。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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