Body mass index assessment of preschool children during the COVID-19 pandemic

Abstract

Introduction: the COVID-19 pandemic has brought socioeconomic, behavioral and clinical losses that can compromise the nutritional status of children, and studies on the subject are essential. Objective: to assess the Body Mass Index of preschool children during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: the data in this study comes from a cohort of children created to prospectively investigate determinants of growth and development in the period from birth to 1,000 days of life in a municipality in the interior of Paraíba, Brazil. For this study, data were collected from children at 4 years of age examining repercussions of the COVID-19 pandemic on maternal and child life. Data on the children (biological characteristics, health conditions, food consumption, screen time, behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic, satisfaction with school and home life) and their mothers (overweight/obesity, sociodemographic characteristics, childcare, attitudes and practices related to the COVID-19 pandemic) were included, and the Body Mass Index-for-age average (Z-score) was compared using hierarchical multiple linear regression. Results: not breastfeeding in the first hour of life (p = 0.046) and regular consumption of filled cookies, sweets or candies (p = 0.042) were the characteristics of the children that represented the highest means of the outcome. Children whose mothers were diagnosed as overweight/obese (p = 0.034), who had not completed high school (p = 0.042), who had difficulty caring for the child and guiding them in health aspects (p = 0.010), as well as those whose mothers needed psychological care (p = 0.047) and mental health medication (p = 0.036) during the COVID-19 pandemic, also had higher mean scores. Conclusion: maternal mental health (psychological care and use of medication) during the COVID-19 pandemic had an impact on the child’s nutritional status.