Revisiting Friedreich’s Ataxia: Phenotypic and Imaging Characteristics

Abstract

Friedreich’s ataxia (FRDA) is a common cause of autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxia. The phenotype is dependent on the repeat size and duration of the disease. We aimed to study the clinical, electrophysiologic, and radiologic profiles in a large Indian cohort of genetically proven FRDA patients. A retrospective cross-sectional, descriptive analysis of genetically proven FRDA patients was performed. A detailed review of all the hospital case records was done to analyze the clinical, radiologic, and electrophysiologic details. A total of 100 FRDA patients were selected for the analysis. Eighty-six patients had an age at onset between 5 and 25 years. Eight patients (8%) were classified as late-onset FRDA and six patients (6%) as early-onset FRDA. The median age at presentation was 19 years. The median age at onset was 14 years, and the median duration of illness was 4 years. All patients had gait ataxia as the initial symptom. Gait ataxia, loss of proprioception, and areflexia were seen in all patients. Dysarthria, nystagmus, amyotrophy, spasticity, extensor plantars, pes cavus, and scoliosis occurred in one-third of patients. Cardiomyopathy (18%) and diabetes (5%) were less common. Sensory polyneuropathy (87.5%) was the most common nerve conduction abnormality. Cortical somatosensory evoked responses were absent in all 43 tested patients (100%). Brainstem auditory evoked response test was done in 24 patients and it showed absent reactions in six patients (25%). Visual evoked potential was tested in 24 patients and it showed absent P100 responses in five patients (21%). Cerebellar and cord atrophy was seen on magnetic resonance imaging in 50% of patients. Most FRDA patients (86%) had an age at onset of less than 25 years, with typical symptoms of gait ataxia, areflexia, and loss of proprioception found in all patients. Dysarthria, nystagmus, amyotrophy, spasticity, extensor plantars, pes cavus, scoliosis, cardiomyopathy, and diabetes were not seen in all patients. Cerebellar atrophy can occur in FRDA patients. Knowledge regarding the clinical, radiologic, and electrophysiologic profile of FRDA will aid in proper phenotypic characterization.