Concordance between In Vitro and In Vivo Relative Toxic Potencies of Diesel Exhaust Particles from Different Biodiesel Blends.

Toxics Pub Date : 2024-04-16 DOI:10.3390/toxics12040290

Subramanian Karthikeyan, D. Breznan, Errol M. Thomson, E. Blais, Renaud Vincent, P. Kumarathasan

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Abstract

Diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) contribute to air pollution exposure-related adverse health impacts. Here, we examined in vitro, and in vivo toxicities of DEPs from a Caterpillar C11 heavy-duty diesel engine emissions using ultra-low-sulfur diesel (ULSD) and biodiesel blends (20% v/v) of canola (B20C), soy (B20S), or tallow-waste fry oil (B20T) in ULSD. The in vitro effects of DEPs (DEPULSD, DEPB20C, DEPB20S, and DEPB20T) in exposed mouse monocyte/macrophage cells (J774A.1) were examined by analyzing the cellular cytotoxicity endpoints (CTB, LDH, and ATP) and secreted proteins. The in vivo effects were assessed in BALB/c mice (n = 6/group) exposed to DEPs (250 µg), carbon black (CB), or saline via intratracheal instillation 24 h post-exposure. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cell counts, cytokines, lung/heart mRNA, and plasma markers were examined. In vitro cytotoxic potencies (e.g., ATP) and secreted TNF-α were positively correlated (p < 0.05) with in vivo inflammatory potency (BALF cytokines, lung/heart mRNA, and plasma markers). Overall, DEPULSD and DEPB20C appeared to be more potent compared to DEPB20S and DEPB20T. These findings suggested that biodiesel blend-derived DEP potencies can be influenced by biodiesel sources, and inflammatory process- was one of the potential underlying toxicity mechanisms. These observations were consistent across in vitro and in vivo exposures, and this work adds value to the health risk analysis of cleaner fuel alternatives.

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不同生物柴油混合物产生的柴油废气颗粒的体外和体内相对毒力之间的一致性

柴油机废气颗粒（DEPs）是造成与空气污染接触相关的不良健康影响的原因之一。在此，我们使用超低硫柴油（ULSD）和生物柴油混合物（20% v/v），即超低硫柴油中的油菜籽油（B20C）、大豆油（B20S）或牛油废炸油（B20T），研究了卡特彼勒 C11 重型柴油发动机排放的 DEPs 的体外和体内毒性。通过分析细胞毒性终点（CTB、LDH 和 ATP）和分泌蛋白，考察了 DEPs（DEPULSD、DEPB20C、DEPB20S 和 DEPB20T）在暴露的小鼠单核细胞/巨噬细胞（J774A.1）中的体外效应。在 BALB/c 小鼠（n = 6/组）暴露于 DEPs（250 µg）、炭黑（CB）或生理盐水后 24 小时，通过气管内灌注对其体内效应进行了评估。对支气管肺泡灌洗液（BALF）细胞计数、细胞因子、肺/心脏 mRNA 和血浆标记物进行了检测。体外细胞毒性效力（如 ATP）和分泌的 TNF-α 与体内炎症效力（BALF 细胞因子、肺/心 mRNA 和血浆标记物）呈正相关（p < 0.05）。总体而言，与 DEPB20S 和 DEPB20T 相比，DEPULSD 和 DEPB20C 似乎更有效。这些研究结果表明，生物柴油混合物产生的 DEP 效能会受到生物柴油来源的影响，而炎症过程是潜在的毒性机制之一。这些观察结果在体外和体内暴露中是一致的，这项工作为清洁燃料替代品的健康风险分析增添了价值。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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Toxics

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