Coliform Bacteria Contamination of Water Resources and Implications on Public Health in Fako Division, South West Region, Cameroon

Abstract

Bacteriological contamination of water sources, often due to improper handling of human waste, poses significant public health risks. This study investigates coliform bacteria contamination in water sources across the Fako Division of Cameroon. Twenty water samples were collected from various sources, including streams, community water, springs, boreholes, and wells, and analyzed for total coliforms using Violet-Red-Bile-Lactose (VRBL) Agar. Additionally, 352 household questionnaires were administered in four towns to assess water resource contamination. Results showed detectable coliform bacteria in 19 samples during the rainy and 15 during the dry seasons. Runoff during the wet season carries terrestrial biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes into surface water bodies, while some infiltrate porous geology, polluting groundwater. Bacterial pollutants from dumpsites and human waste contribute to critical health issues like typhoid fever and gastroenteritis. Recommendations include landfilling with daily operations to minimize pollution, operational monitoring of domestic water systems, and integrated water quality management strategies. Participatory waste management involving administrators, stakeholders, and the population is crucial to minimize water contamination.