Individual vocal recognition and dear enemy effect in the black-and-gold howler monkey (Alouatta caraya)

IF 1.9 2区 生物学 Q3 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
Ingrid Holzmann, R. S. Córdoba
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Abstract

Many animal species respond less aggressively to calls emitted by neighbors in comparison with strangers, an asymmetry known as the “dear enemy” effect. The adaptive significance of having “dear enemies” would be to minimize defensive costs towards less-threatening individuals (like neighbors). The opposite situation, in which known neighbors become untrustworthy, representing an even greater menace than strangers, is call “nasty neighbor effect”. In addition to these neighbor-stranger discrimination abilities, some species are also capable of recognizing neighbors individually, allowing them to avoid risky encounters based on identity and past experiences, minimizing the probability of losing an encounter. In this study we tested if black-and-gold howler monkey (Alouatta caraya) males can recognize neighbors individually and investigated the nature of long-term relationships under the dear enemy/nasty neighbors hypotheses. We conducted 36 playback experiments on four dominant males in “El Cachapé” reserve, in Argentina. We exposed each male to three different treatments, consisting of roars from: 1- Neighbors from the area of home range overlap, 2- Misplaced neighbors from the opposite side to the area of home range overlap, and 3- Strangers, quantifying eight response variables during each experiment. Our results showed that dominant males recognize neighbors individually (by roaring longer in response to misplaced neighbors), clearly reacting more aggressively to neighbors who violate mutual agreements (like home range boundaries). Also, dominant males displayed a longer roar duration and closer approach to the sound source when hearing roars from strangers, supporting the hypothesis that neighbors are dear enemies in this species. Our results show that neighbor vocal recognition is key to understanding the configuration of areas of collective use and navigation decision in primates and that strangers exert the major threat to group stability in howler monkeys.

Abstract Image

黑金吼猴(Alouatta caraya)的个体声音识别和亲爱的敌人效应
与陌生人相比,许多动物对邻居发出的叫声的攻击性较弱,这种不对称现象被称为 "亲爱的敌人 "效应。拥有 "亲爱的敌人 "的适应意义在于最大限度地降低对威胁较小的个体(如邻居)的防御成本。与此相反的情况是,已知的邻居变得不值得信任,比陌生人的威胁更大,这就是所谓的 "讨厌的邻居效应"。除了这些对邻居和陌生人的辨别能力外,有些物种还能单独识别邻居,使它们能够根据身份和过去的经验避免危险的相遇,从而将相遇失败的概率降到最低。在这项研究中,我们测试了黑金吼猴(Alouatta caraya)雄性是否能够单独识别邻居,并研究了在亲爱的敌人/讨厌的邻居假说下长期关系的性质。我们在阿根廷的 "El Cachapé "保护区对四只占优势的雄性吼猴进行了 36 次回放实验。我们让每只雄性暴露于三种不同的处理中,包括来自以下方面的吼叫声:1- 来自家庭范围重叠区域的邻居;2- 来自家庭范围重叠区域对侧的错位邻居;3- 陌生人。我们的结果表明,优势雄性能单独识别邻居(对错位邻居吼叫的时间更长),对违反双方协议(如家域边界)的邻居显然反应更激烈。此外,优势雄性在听到陌生人的吼叫时,吼叫持续时间会更长,并且会更靠近声源,这支持了 "邻居是该物种亲爱的敌人 "这一假设。我们的研究结果表明,邻居声音识别是了解灵长类动物集体使用区域配置和导航决策的关键,陌生人是吼猴群体稳定性的主要威胁。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
3.90
自引率
8.70%
发文量
146
审稿时长
3 months
期刊介绍: The journal publishes reviews, original contributions and commentaries dealing with quantitative empirical and theoretical studies in the analysis of animal behavior at the level of the individual, group, population, community, and species.
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