Economic Impact of Progression from Mild Cognitive Impairment to Alzheimer Disease in the United States

Abstract

Background

Limited evidence exists on the economic burden of individuals who progress from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to Alzheimer disease and related dementia disorders (ADRD).

Objectives

To assess the all-cause health care resource utilization and costs for individuals who develop ADRD following an MCI diagnosis compared to those with stable MCI.

Design

This was a retrospective cohort study from January 01, 2014, to December 31, 2019.

Setting

The Merative MarketScan Commercial and Medicare Databases were used.

Participants

Individuals were included if they: (1) were aged 50 years or older; (2) had ≥1 claim with an MCI diagnosis based on the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) code of 331.83 or the Tenth Revision (ICD-10) code of G31.84; and had continuous enrollment. Individuals were excluded if they had a diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease or ADRD or prescription of ADRD medication.

Measurements

Outcomes included all-cause utilization and costs per patient per year in the first 12 months following MCI diagnosis, in total and by care setting: inpatient admissions, emergency department (ED) visits, outpatient visits, and pharmacy claims.

Results

Out of the total of 5185 included individuals, 1962 (37.8%) progressed to ADRD (MCI-to-ADRD subgroup) and 3223 (62.2%) did not (Stable MCI subgroup). Adjusted all-cause utilization was higher for all care settings in the MCI-to-ADRD subgroup compared with the Stable MCI subgroup. Adjusted all-cause mean total costs ($34599 vs $24541; mean ratio [MR], 1.41 [95% CI, 1.31–1.51]; P<.001), inpatient costs ($47463 vs $38004; MR, 1.25 [95% CI, 1.08–1.44]; P=.002), ED costs ($4875 vs $3863; MR, 1.26 [95% CI, 1.11–1.43]; P<.001), and outpatient costs ($16652 vs $13015; MR, 1.28 [95% CI, 1.20–1.37]; P<.001) were all significantly higher for the MCI-to-ADRD subgroup compared with the Stable MCI subgroup.

Conclusions

Individuals who progressed from MCI to ADRD had significantly higher health care costs than individuals with stable MCI. Early identification of MCI and delaying its progression is important to improve patient and economic outcomes.