The impact of parents' stress on parents' and young childrens' mental health—Short- and long-term effects of risk and resilience factors in families with children aged 0–3 in a representative sample

Stress & Health Pub Date : 2024-04-16 DOI:10.1002/smi.3400
Johanna Löchner, Susanne M. Ulrich, Ulrike Lux
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Abstract

Stress in parents has a significant impact on parenting and infant's development. However, few studies have examined cross-sectional and longitudinal links on risk and resilience of burdened families. Thus, this study aimed to investigate subjective risk and resilience factors on family well-being. Data stem from the 2015 nationwide study “Children in Germany” (“Kinder in Deutschland” – KiD 0–3). Parents of children aged zero to 3 years (N = 8.063) were recruited from random probability-sampled paediatric clinics (n = 271) across Germany. Risk and resilience variables such as parents' perceived stress (PSS-4), competence, isolation and attachment (PSI), as well as parental inner anger (items from CAP), relationship quality (DAS-4) and the child's negative emotionality (items from SGKS) were assessed at baseline in addition to demographic variables to predict parents' mental health (PHQ-4) and negative emotionality of the child at baseline (T1) and in the 2-year follow-up (T2) using linear regression models. At baseline, parents' mental health was predicted by inner anger, the child's negative emotionality and being a single parent (R2 = 45.1%) at baseline, but only by parenting competence at the two-year-follow-up (R2 = 25.1%). The child's negative emotionality was predicted (R2 = 27.5%) by the child's age, and parental inner anger and competence, attachment, perceived stress, mental health as well as education background. At two-year-follow-up, the child's age, single parenthood, social welfare benefit, child's negative emotionality at baseline, relationship quality and competence were significant predictor variables (R2 = 22.8%). This study highlights the impact of specific risk and resilience factors not only on parents' mental health but also the child's negative emotionality in the short and long-term in early childhood. Universal, but also selective prevention programs should increase parents' resilience (e.g., focusing on self-efficacy, competence, coping strategies).
父母压力对父母和幼儿心理健康的影响--代表性样本中 0-3 岁儿童家庭中风险和复原力因素的短期和长期影响
父母的压力对养育子女和婴儿的发展有重大影响。然而,很少有研究对有负担家庭的风险和复原力的横向和纵向联系进行研究。因此,本研究旨在调查影响家庭幸福的主观风险和复原力因素。数据来源于2015年的全国性研究 "德国儿童"("Kinder in Deutschland" - KiD 0-3)。研究人员从德国各地随机概率抽样的儿科诊所(n = 271)中招募了零到三岁儿童的父母(n = 8.063)。除了人口统计学变量外,还在基线时评估了风险和复原力变量,如父母的压力感知(PSS-4)、能力、隔离和依恋(PSI),以及父母内心的愤怒(CAP中的项目)、关系质量(DAS-4)和儿童的消极情绪(SGKS中的项目),以便使用线性回归模型预测父母在基线(T1)和两年随访(T2)时的心理健康(PHQ-4)和儿童的消极情绪。在基线时,父母的心理健康可通过内心的愤怒、孩子的负面情绪和单亲来预测(R2 = 45.1%),但在两年随访时,父母的心理健康只能通过养育能力来预测(R2 = 25.1%)。孩子的年龄、父母内心的愤怒和能力、依恋、感知到的压力、心理健康以及教育背景可以预测孩子的负面情绪(R2 = 27.5%)。在两年的跟踪调查中,孩子的年龄、单亲家庭、社会福利、孩子基线时的负面情绪、关系质量和能力是重要的预测变量(R2 = 22.8%)。这项研究强调了特定的风险和复原力因素不仅对父母的心理健康有影响,而且对幼儿期儿童的短期和长期负面情绪也有影响。普遍性预防计划和选择性预防计划都应提高父母的抗逆能力(如注重自我效能、能力和应对策略)。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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