In Silico Analyses of Vertebrate G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Fusions United With or Without an Additional Transmembrane Sequence Indicate Classification into Three Groups of Linkers

Abstract

Natural G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) rarely have an additional transmembrane (TM) helix, such as an artificial TM-linker that can unite two class A GPCRs in tandem as a single-polypeptide chain (sc). Here, we report that three groups of TM-linkers exist in the intervening regions of natural GPCR fusions from vertebrates: (1) the original consensus (i.e., consensus 1) and consensus 2~4 (related to GPCR itself or its receptor-interacting proteins); (2) the consensus but GPCR-unrelated ones, 1~7; and (3) the inability to apply 1/2 that show no similarity to any other proteins. In silico analyses indicated that all natural GPCR fusions from Amphibia lack a TM-linker, and reptiles have no GPCR fusions; moreover, in either the GPCR-GPCR fusion or fusion protein of (GPCR monomer) and non-GPCR proteins from vertebrates, excluding tetrapods, i.e., so-called fishes, TM-linkers differ from previously reported mammalian and are avian sequences and are classified as Groups 2 and 3. Thus, previously reported TM-linkers were arranged: Consensus 1 is [T(I/A/P)(A/S)–(L/N)(I/W/L)(I/A/V)GL(L/G)(A/T)(S/L/G)(I/L)] first identified in invertebrate sea anemone Exaiptasia diaphana (LOC110241027) and (330-SPSFLCI–L–SLL-340) identified in a tropical bird Opisthocomus hoazin protein LOC104327099 (XP_009930279.1); GPCR-related consensus 2~4 are, respectively, (371-prlilyavfc fgtatg-386) in the desert woodrat Neotoma lepida A6R68_19462 (OBS78147.1), (363-lsipfcll yiaallgnfi llfvi-385) in Gavia stellate (red-throated loon) LOC104264164 (XP_009819412.1), and (479-ti vvvymivcvi glvgnflvmy viir-504) in a snailfish GPCR (TNN80062.1); In Mammals Neotoma lepida, Aves Erythrura gouldiae, and fishes protein (respectively, OBS83645.1, RLW13346.1 and KPP79779.1), the TM-linkers are Group 2. Here, we categorized, for the first time, natural TM-linkers as rare evolutionary events among all vertebrates.