Echolocating Bats Have Evolved Decreased Susceptibility to Noise-Induced Temporary Hearing Losses

Andrea Megela Simmons, James A. Simmons
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Abstract

Glenis Long championed the application of quantitative psychophysical methods to understand comparative hearing abilities across species. She contributed the first psychophysical studies of absolute and masked hearing sensitivities in an auditory specialist, the echolocating horseshoe bat. Her data demonstrated that this bat has hyperacute frequency discrimination in the 83-kHz range of its echolocation broadcast. This specialization facilitates the bat’s use of Doppler shift compensation to separate echoes of fluttering insects from concurrent echoes of non-moving objects. In this review, we discuss another specialization for hearing in a species of echolocating bat that contributes to perception of echoes within a complex auditory scene. Psychophysical and behavioral studies with big brown bats show that exposures to long duration, intense wideband or narrowband ultrasonic noise do not induce significant increases in their thresholds to echoes and do not impair their ability to orient through a naturalistic sonar scene containing multiple distracting echoes. Thresholds of auditory brainstem responses also remain low after intense noise exposures. These data indicate that big brown bats are not susceptible to temporary threshold shifts as measured in comparable paradigms used with other mammals, at least within the range of stimulus parameters that have been tested so far. We hypothesize that echolocating bats have evolved a decreased susceptibility to noise-induced hearing losses as a specialization for echolocation in noisy environments.

回声定位蝙蝠在进化过程中降低了对噪声引起的暂时性听力损失的敏感性
格莱尼丝-朗倡导应用定量心理物理方法来了解不同物种的比较听觉能力。她首次对听觉专家--回声定位马蹄蝠--的绝对听觉灵敏度和掩蔽听觉灵敏度进行了心理物理研究。她的数据表明,这种蝙蝠在回声定位广播的 83 千赫范围内具有超强的频率辨别能力。这种特异性有助于蝙蝠利用多普勒频移补偿将昆虫飞舞的回声与不动物体同时发出的回声区分开来。在这篇综述中,我们将讨论一种回声定位蝙蝠的另一种听觉特化,这种特化有助于感知复杂听觉场景中的回声。对大棕蝠进行的心理物理和行为研究表明,暴露于持续时间长、强度大的宽带或窄带超声波噪声不会导致它们的回声阈值显著增加,也不会影响它们在包含多个干扰回声的自然声纳场景中的定向能力。听觉脑干反应的阈值在强烈的噪声暴露后也仍然很低。这些数据表明,至少在目前测试的刺激参数范围内,大棕蝠不容易受到其他哺乳动物可比范式测量的暂时性阈值偏移的影响。我们假设,回声定位蝙蝠在进化过程中降低了对噪声引起的听力损失的易感性,这是它们在噪声环境中进行回声定位的一种特化。
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