Variation in energy density of northwest Atlantic forage species: Ontogenetic, seasonal, annual, and spatial patterns

IF 1.8 3区 农林科学 Q2 FISHERIES
Mark J. Wuenschel, Kelcie A. Bean, Tara Rajaniemi, Kenneth Oliveira
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Objective

Energy density (ED) estimates for marine forage species have been limited, impeding our understanding of this important trophic level. We studied the EDs of eight key forage species: Alewife Alosa pseudoharengus, Atlantic Herring Clupea harengus, Silver Hake Merluccius bilinearis, Northern Sand Lance Ammodytes dubius, Atlantic Mackerel Scomber scombrus, Butterfish Peprilus triacanthus, northern shortfin squid Illex illecebrosus, and longfin inshore squid Doryteuthis pealeii (also known as Loligo pealeii).

Methods

Samples were obtained during spring and fall bottom trawl surveys across five regions (Gulf of Maine, Georges Bank, southern New England, northern Middle Atlantic Bight, and southern Middle Atlantic Bight) from 2017 to 2019. In the laboratory, we developed predictive relations between the percent dry weight (%DW) and ED (kJ/g wet weight) determined by proximate composition analysis (n = 606; r2 = 0.76–0.98) to estimate the ED of additional samples (n = 4583). For each species, we modeled ED as a function of size, depth, season, and year (as factors) as well as location (latitude, longitude) using generalized additive models (GAMs).

Result

Alewife, Atlantic Herring, Northern Sand Lance, Atlantic Mackerel, and Butterfish were classified as high-quality prey (ED > 6 kJ/g), although Atlantic Herring ED was nearly half the values reported in earlier studies. Silver Hake, northern shortfin squid, and longfin inshore squid were classified as moderate-quality prey (4 kJ/g < ED < 6 kJ/g). Most species had higher EDs in the fall following summer feeding than in the spring after spawning and/or reduced winter feeding. The best-fitting GAMs included weight, depth (by season), season, and year effects for most species. Location (by season) explained significant amounts of variation.

Conclusion

Observed variation in ED across regions, species, seasons, and years provides the empirical data necessary to consider hypotheses related to “upstream” regulation of ED (via environmental drivers and productivity) and “downstream” effects on recruitment for these forage species as well the species that prey on them.

Abstract Image

西北大西洋饲料物种能量密度的变化:个体发育、季节、年度和空间模式
目标 海洋饵料物种的能量密度(ED)估计值一直很有限,妨碍了我们对这一重要营养级的了解。我们研究了八种主要饵料物种的能量密度:它们是:金花鱼(Alosa pseudoharengus)、大西洋鲱鱼(Clupea harengus)、银鳕鱼(Merluccius bilinearis)、北沙矛鱼(Ammodytes dubius)、大西洋鲭鱼(Scomber scombrus)、黄油鱼(Peprilus triacanthus)、北方短鳍鱿鱼(Illex illecebrosus)和长鳍近岸鱿鱼(Doryteuthis pealeii,又称 Loligo pealeii)。 方法 在 2017 年至 2019 年期间,我们在五个地区(缅因湾、乔治斯滩、新英格兰南部、中大西洋湾北部和中大西洋湾南部)的春季和秋季底拖网调查中获得了样本。在实验室中,我们在近似成分分析(n = 606;r2 = 0.76-0.98)确定的干重百分比(%DW)和 ED(kJ/g 湿重)之间建立了预测关系,以估算其他样本(n = 4583)的 ED。对于每个物种,我们使用广义加法模型(GAMs)将ED模拟为大小、深度、季节和年份(作为因子)以及位置(纬度、经度)的函数。 尽管大西洋鲱鱼的ED值几乎是早期研究中报告值的一半,但结果是阿利妻鱼、大西洋鲱鱼、北沙矛鱼、大西洋鲭鱼和黄油鱼被归类为优质猎物(ED > 6 kJ/g)。银鳕鱼、北方短鳍鱿鱼和长鳍近岸鱿鱼被归类为中等质量的猎物(4 kJ/g < ED < 6 kJ/g)。大多数物种在夏季摄食后的秋季的 ED 都高于产卵后的春季和/或冬季摄食量减少时的 ED。大多数物种的最佳拟合 GAM 包括体重、深度(按季节)、季节和年份效应。地点(按季节)可以解释大量的变化。 结论 观察到的 ED 在不同地区、物种、季节和年份的变化为考虑 ED 的 "上游 "调控(通过环境驱动因素和生产力)和 "下游 "对这些饵料物种以及捕食这些饵料物种的物种招募的影响的相关假设提供了必要的经验数据。
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来源期刊
Marine and Coastal Fisheries
Marine and Coastal Fisheries FISHERIES-MARINE & FRESHWATER BIOLOGY
CiteScore
3.40
自引率
5.90%
发文量
40
审稿时长
>12 weeks
期刊介绍: Marine and Coastal Fisheries: Dynamics, Management, and Ecosystem Science publishes original and innovative research that synthesizes information on biological organization across spatial and temporal scales to promote ecologically sound fisheries science and management. This open-access, online journal published by the American Fisheries Society provides an international venue for studies of marine, coastal, and estuarine fisheries, with emphasis on species'' performance and responses to perturbations in their environment, and promotes the development of ecosystem-based fisheries science and management.
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