Closure of Khor Al Balid and Khor Rori harbours/estuaries with coastal uplift and aridity in the 12th – 15th c. CE and evidence for an extreme overwash event in the 18th – 19th c. CE: Implications for ancient port sites in southern Oman

IF 2.6 3区 地球科学 Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY
Riley E. Steele , Eduard G. Reinhardt , Joe Boyce , Jeremy J. Gabriel , Tom Vosmer
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Ancient maritime trading ports along the southern coast of Oman have been the target of archaeological excavations for several decades. Though historical chronologies are well-researched, information from a paleoenvironmental perspective is lacking and can provide a more complete understanding of site development. This study investigates the timing of coastal sand barrier accumulation in the natural harbours at Khor Al Balid and Khor Rori, which had considerable effects on the populations at the ancient cities of al–Balīd and Sumhuram, respectively. Six cores from Khor Al Balid and four cores from Khor Rori were analyzed using sedimentological, microfossil (foraminifera and testate amoebae), geochemical (μXRF), and radiocarbon dating methods. Marine proxies (e.g., Amphistegina spp., C. pseudolobatulus, E. limbatum, Sr, Ca/Si) and lagoon proxies (e.g., T. macrescens, T. inflata, C. constricta and C. aculeata, Ti/Ca, Fe/Ca) were used to identify Marine Sand, Brackish Lagoon/Marsh, and Freshwater facies. Results indicate that the eastern arm of Khor Al Balid closed off from the sea around the 12th century CE and that the western arm closed around the 15th century CE. Siltation of harbours and the formation of sand barriers may have contributed towards site abandonment. Previous archaeological findings suggest that al-Balīd was able to continue with maritime trade activities along the southern seaside edge of the city for several centuries after siltation of Khor Al Balid, possibly with the help of dredging. An extreme overwash event was recorded in almost all cores across both sampling sites, suggesting that a very large cyclone or a tsunami hit the southern Oman coast sometime around the 18th–19th century CE. This event, as well as continuous coastal sand accumulation, may have contributed to the decline and abandonment of Khor Al Balid and highlights the impacts that large storm/wave events have on archaeological site preservation.

公元前 12-15 年,随着海岸隆起和干旱,Khor Al Balid 和 Khor Rori 港口/河口关闭,以及公元前 18-19 年极端冲刷事件的证据:对阿曼南部古代港口遗址的影响
几十年来,阿曼南部沿海的古代海上贸易港口一直是考古发掘的目标。虽然对历史年代的研究很充分,但缺乏从古环境角度提供的信息,而这些信息可以更全面地了解遗址的发展。本研究调查了 Khor Al Balid 和 Khor Rori 天然港口沿海沙障堆积的时间,这两个港口分别对 al-Balīd 和 Sumhuram 古城的人口产生了重大影响。采用沉积学、微化石(有孔虫和试管变形虫)、地球化学(μXRF)和放射性碳测年方法,对来自巴利德湾的六个岩心和罗里湾的四个岩心进行了分析。海洋代用物(如 Amphistegina spp.、C. pseudolobatulus、E. limbatum、Sr、Ca/Si)和泻湖代用物(如 T. macrescens、T. inflata、C. constricta 和 C. aculeata、Ti/Ca、Fe/Ca)被用来识别海砂、咸水湖/沼泽和淡水面。结果表明,Khor Al Balid 的东臂大约在公元 12 世纪与海洋隔绝,西臂大约在公元 15 世纪与海洋隔绝。港口的淤积和沙障的形成可能是遗址被遗弃的原因之一。以前的考古发现表明,在巴利德湾淤积后的几个世纪里,巴利德城南部海边的海上贸易活动仍在继续,这可能得益于疏浚工程。在两个取样地点的几乎所有岩芯中都记录到了一次极端的冲刷事件,这表明在公元 18-19 世纪的某个时候,阿曼南部海岸遭受了一次特大气旋或海啸的袭击。这一事件以及持续的海岸积沙可能导致了 Khor Al Balid 的衰落和废弃,并突出表明了大型风暴/海浪事件对考古遗址保护的影响。
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来源期刊
Marine Geology
Marine Geology 地学-地球科学综合
CiteScore
6.10
自引率
6.90%
发文量
175
审稿时长
21.9 weeks
期刊介绍: Marine Geology is the premier international journal on marine geological processes in the broadest sense. We seek papers that are comprehensive, interdisciplinary and synthetic that will be lasting contributions to the field. Although most papers are based on regional studies, they must demonstrate new findings of international significance. We accept papers on subjects as diverse as seafloor hydrothermal systems, beach dynamics, early diagenesis, microbiological studies in sediments, palaeoclimate studies and geophysical studies of the seabed. We encourage papers that address emerging new fields, for example the influence of anthropogenic processes on coastal/marine geology and coastal/marine geoarchaeology. We insist that the papers are concerned with the marine realm and that they deal with geology: with rocks, sediments, and physical and chemical processes affecting them. Papers should address scientific hypotheses: highly descriptive data compilations or papers that deal only with marine management and risk assessment should be submitted to other journals. Papers on laboratory or modelling studies must demonstrate direct relevance to marine processes or deposits. The primary criteria for acceptance of papers is that the science is of high quality, novel, significant, and of broad international interest.
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