Advancements in Green Chemistry: Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Poly-Heterocyclic Compounds in Aqueous Media

Abstract

This comprehensive review explores the recent strides made in the field of green chemistry, focusing on the utilization of microwave (MW) irradiation for the synthesis of poly-heterocyclic compounds in aqueous media. The adoption of environmentally benign protocols involving greener alternatives has led to significant reductions in chemical waste and reaction time. The review highlights various methodologies, such as the MW-assisted synthesis of nitrogen-containing heterocycles, cyclic ureas, triazoles, dihydropyrimidinones, oxygen heterocycles, tetrahydropyrans, and heterocyclic hydrazones. The synthesis of diverse heterocyclic structures is accomplished through innovative strategies, including N-alkylation, direct Grignard-type addition, and three-component condensation reactions. The review emphasizes the advantages of these approaches, such as shorter reaction times, higher product yields, and the elimination of hazardous organic solvents. Additionally, the use of recyclable catalysts, such as montmorillonite K10 clay and nano-sized magnesium oxide, contributes to the eco-friendly nature of the methodologies. The incorporation of green synthesis principles, including water-mediated conditions and catalyst recyclability, reflects a commitment to sustainable and efficient synthetic practices. This review provides valuable insights into the ongoing efforts to minimize the environmental footprint of chemical synthesis while advancing the field of heterocyclic compound synthesis.