Organic Agriculture in Europe: EU Sets Goal of Growing Organic Farmland from 10% to 25% by 2030

John Paull
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Abstract

Historically, Europe has been the locus of key developments in the founding and growth of organic agriculture. A century ago, in 1924, the Austrian New Age philosopher Dr. Rudolf Steiner called for an agriculture differentiated from the prevailing direction of agriculture and one reliant on natural biological processes rather than synthetic chemicals. The European Union (EU) has set the goal to be of 25% organic by 2030. Organic agriculture presently accounts for 9.6% of EU agriculture (cf. the world figure is 1.6%). For the past two decades, the tally of EU organic agriculture hectares has grown at 6.7% pa to reach 15,639,063 ha (cf. the world total of 76,403,777 ha). At this historic rate of growth (of 6.7% pa), organics will account for 17.5% by 2030 (c. 28.2 m ha), which is well short of the goal. To reach 25% by 2030, the growth rate needs to be ramped up to 10.7% pa growth (and reach a total of 40.6 m ha). About half (n = 15) of the 31 countries committed to the 25% goal, comprising the EU, EEA, and EFTA, have more than 10% organic agriculture. That offers a good foundation on which to build to the goal. The other half (n = 16) each have less than 10% organic agriculture; they offer opportunities for substantial uptake of organics. The EU has a ‘Farm to Fork’ strategy (F2F) with an ‘Action Plan’ comprising three ‘Axes’ and 54 ‘Actions’ to achieve the 25% organic goal by 2030; however, milestones and waypoints are lacking. The EU goal is bold, but not as bold as the 100% organic goals of Sikkim, which has achieved its 100% goal, and Bhutan, which has not and is stalled at 1% organic.
欧洲的有机农业:欧盟设定到 2030 年将有机农田从 10%增至 25%的目标
从历史上看,欧洲一直是有机农业创立和发展的关键地点。一个世纪前,即 1924 年,奥地利新时代哲学家鲁道夫-斯坦纳博士(Dr. Rudolf Steiner)呼吁建立一种有别于当前农业发展方向的农业,一种依赖于自然生物过程而非合成化学品的农业。欧盟(EU)设定了到 2030 年有机农业占比达到 25% 的目标。有机农业目前占欧盟农业的 9.6%(世界数字为 1.6%)。在过去二十年里,欧盟有机农业公顷数每年增长 6.7%,达到 15,639,063 公顷(世界总量为 76,403,777 公顷)。按照这一历史增长率(每年 6.7%),到 2030 年,有机农业将占 17.5%(约 2820 万公顷),这与目标相差甚远。要在 2030 年达到 25%,增长率需要提高到每年 10.7%(总面积达到 4 060 万公顷)。在承诺实现 25% 目标的 31 个国家中,约有一半(n = 15)(包括欧盟、欧洲经济区和欧洲自由贸易联盟)的有机农业比例超过 10%。这为实现目标奠定了良好的基础。另一半国家(n = 16)的有机农业比例均低于 10%;这些国家为有机产品的大量使用提供了机会。欧盟制定了 "从农场到餐桌 "战略 (F2F),其 "行动计划 "包括三个 "轴心 "和 54 项 "行动",旨在到 2030 年实现 25% 的有机农业目标;但是,缺乏里程碑和路标。欧盟的目标是大胆的,但不如锡金和不丹大胆,锡金已实现 100%有机目标,不丹尚未实现,有机比例仅为 1%。
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