Gender differences in mental health outcomes amid the COVID-19 pandemic and a collapsing economy: A Lebanese cross-sectional study

Abstract

Response plans to control the transmission of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) overlooked the repercussions of the combined economic and public health crisis among the most vulnerable populations, including women and people who have experienced abuse. This paper primarily aimed to assess the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and economy-related variables on Lebanese adults’ mental health, focusing on gender differences. A cross-sectional study was conducted in May 2020 using an online survey with validated scales created on Google Forms. A total of 502 adults living in Lebanon with access to the internet were enrolled in the study, irrespective of age, socioeconomic status, race, ethnicity, nationality, sex, gender identity, religion, location, education, and culture (n = 502). The multivariate analysis, adjusted on sociodemographic characteristics, economic, and coronavirus-related variables, showed that women exhibited higher distress, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSSs) levels than men. Moreover, violence at home was associated with more distress and insomnia, with borderline results for anxiety and well-being. No significant difference was found for PTSSs. In the context of combined health and economic crises, mental health outcomes are not equally felt across genders. Additional studies in a few months would help better understand the long-term impact, especially on PTSS and quality of life, which might not be perceptible during the crisis. Focused public health strategies are warranted to support and protect the most vulnerable populations.