Adaptive changes in immunological, hematological and metabolic profiles of pregnant cows

M. Zhelavskyi, S. Kernychnyi, O. Dmytriv, T. Betlinska
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Abstract

Pregnancy triggers a series of complex interactions within the body, involving both the immune system and metabolic processes. In the case of pregnant cows, these mechanisms are essential for supporting the developing fetus and maintaining the overall health of the mother. The aim of the work was to study the hematological, biochemical, and immunological parameters of cows at different periods of pregnancy. Research was conducted on cows (Bos Taurus) of the Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed. Groups were formed based on the principle of analogs. The research was carried out using the methodology of group-period experiments. The control group consisted of non-pregnant cows. The first observation period was conducted on pregnant cows with confirmed pregnancy (30 days). The second observation period was carried out at 90 days of pregnancy, the third at 180 days of gestation, and the fourth at 270 days. Laboratory studies included immunological research conducted in the specialized laboratory of immunology for reproduction animals. The first notable observation was the gradual increase in the population of CD3+ lymphocytes from the beginning of gestation, which remained stable until the 90th day of pregnancy and then gradually decreased. The population of B cell immune cells CD22+ had its peculiarities: dynamic and stable growth from the start of pregnancy until the middle of the second trimester (180 days), followed by a gradual decrease until the onset of labor. The redistribution of T and B lymphocytes occurred with dynamic fluctuations in the number of undifferentiated 0-lymphocytes. The processes of transformation and adaptation of homeostasis affected both enzyme activity and indicators of mineral metabolism. Thus, from the beginning of pregnancy (from the 30th day of gestation), the experimental cows showed a significant increase in alkaline phosphatase activity (P < 0.05), alanine aminotransferase (P < 0.05), and aspartate aminotransferase activity (P < 0.05). During the pregnancy of cows, body changes occur. From the early period of gestation throughout the entire period of embryogenesis, changes in the system of hematopoiesis, alterations in the activity of enzymes, exchange of Ca and P, accompanied by changes in immunological reactions take place. These processes are adaptive and ensure the maintenance of the homeostasis system. The perspective of further research will aim at studying changes in immunological and biochemical parameters during physiological pregnancy and when it is complicated.
妊娠奶牛免疫、血液和代谢特征的适应性变化
怀孕会在体内引发一系列复杂的相互作用,涉及免疫系统和新陈代谢过程。就怀孕奶牛而言,这些机制对于支持胎儿发育和维持母体整体健康至关重要。这项工作的目的是研究奶牛在妊娠不同时期的血液、生化和免疫参数。研究对象是乌克兰黑白奶牛品种的奶牛(Bos Taurus)。根据类比原则进行分组。研究采用组间实验的方法进行。对照组由未怀孕的奶牛组成。第一个观察期对已确认怀孕(30 天)的妊娠母牛进行观察。第二个观察期在妊娠 90 天时进行,第三个观察期在妊娠 180 天时进行,第四个观察期在妊娠 270 天时进行。实验室研究包括在繁殖动物免疫学专业实验室进行的免疫学研究。第一个值得注意的观察结果是,CD3+淋巴细胞的数量从妊娠初期开始逐渐增加,直到妊娠第 90 天保持稳定,然后逐渐减少。B 细胞免疫细胞 CD22+ 的数量有其特殊性:从妊娠开始到妊娠中期(180 天)一直在动态稳定增长,随后逐渐减少,直到分娩开始。T 淋巴细胞和 B 淋巴细胞的重新分布与未分化的 0 淋巴细胞数量的动态波动同时发生。平衡的转变和适应过程影响了酶活性和矿物质代谢指标。因此,从妊娠开始(妊娠第 30 天起),实验奶牛的碱性磷酸酶活性(P < 0.05)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(P < 0.05)和天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶活性(P < 0.05)都显著增加。奶牛在怀孕期间,身体会发生变化。从妊娠初期到胚胎形成的整个过程中,造血系统发生变化,酶的活性发生变化,钙和磷的交换发生变化,同时免疫反应也发生变化。这些过程是适应性的,确保了平衡系统的维持。进一步的研究将着眼于研究生理妊娠期和复杂妊娠期免疫和生化参数的变化。
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